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Title: Die EU-Vorschriften zur Geschlechtergleichstellung : Wie wurden diese in nationales Recht umgesetzt? ; Stand 2010
Title (other): EU Rules on Gender Equality : How are they transposed into national law? ; Update 2010 | Égalité des genres : les
règles de l'UE et leur transposition en droit national ; Mise à jour 2010
Table of Contents
1. Einleitung
2. Zentrale Begriffe des Geschlechtergleichstellungsrechts der EU
2.1. Das Problem des Vergleichs
2.2. Verbot von Diskriminierung
2.3. Mittelbare Diskriminierung
2.4. Positive Maßnahmen
2.5. Belästigung
3. Zugang zur Beschäftigung und Arbeitsbedingungen
3.1. Ausnahmen
3.2. Noch einmal: positive Maßnahmen
3.3. Schwangerschaft und Mutterschaft: eine Ausnahme?
4. Schwangerschafts- und Mutterschutz; Elternurlaub
4.1. Schwangerschaft und Mutterschaft
4.2. Elternurlaub
5. Gleiches Entgelt
5.1. Was ist „Entgelt“ und was ist „gleichwertig“?
5.2. Die Rolle der Kollektivvereinbarungen und der Arbeitgeber
5.3. Durchsetzung von gleichem Entgelt
6. Betriebliche Rentensysteme
6.1. Unsicherheit bezüglich des Charakters der nationalen Systeme
6.2. Versicherungsmathematische Faktoren
7. Gesetzliche Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit
7.1. Familien- und Hinterbliebenenleistungen
7.2. Sozialhilfe
7.3. Ausnahmen vom Gleichbehandlungsgrundsatz: Betreuungszeiten
7.4. Ausnahmen vom Grundsatz der Gleichbehandlung: Unterschiede im Rentenalter
8. Selbständig Erwerbstätige und mitarbeitende Ehepartner
8.1. Schwangerschafts-, Mutterschafts- und Elternrechte
8.2. Beruflicher Status von mitarbeitenden Ehepartnern
9. Güter und Dienstleistungen
9.1. Schwangerschaft, Mutterschaft und Elternschaft
9.2. Positive Maßnahmen
9.3. Ausnahmen vom Grundsatz der Gleichbehandlung
10. Durchsetzung und Einhaltung
10.1. Gerichtsverfahren
10.2. Rechtsmittel und Sanktionen
10.3. Viktimisierung
10.4. Beweislast
10.5. Gleichbehandlungsstellen
10.6. Die Rolle der Sozialpartner
11. Schlussfolgerung: Recht in der Theorie und Recht in der Praxis
Anhang I Richtlinien
Anhang II Kontaktdaten der nationalen Gleichbehandlungsstellen
Anhang III Mitglieder des Europäischen Netzwerks von Rechtsexpertinnen und Rechtsexperten auf dem Gebiet der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern
Author: Prechal, Sacha ; 133178439 | Burri, Susanne
Contributer: Europäisches Netzwerk von Rechtsexpertinnen und Rechtsexperten auf dem Gebiet der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz
Year: 2010
Language: en | de | fr
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: provision for old ageemploymentparentsEUsalaryaffirmative actionlaw
Subject: European Community law in generalBenefit plans. PensionsEqual opportunitiesWages. Wage incentives
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
Bitte beachten Sie die urheberrechtlichen Bedingungen der Dokumentenbenutzung / Please observe the copyright when accessing the document | Quelle / Source: Europäische Kommission (http://ec.europa.eu/)
Title: Die EU-Vorschriften zur Geschlechtergleichstellung : Wie wurden diese in nationales Recht umgesetzt?
Title (other): EU Rules on Gender Equality : How are they transposed into national law? | Égalité des genres : les règles de l'UE et
leur transposition en droit national
Table of Contents
1. Einleitung
2. Zentrale Begriffe des Geschlechtergleichstellungsrechts der EU
2.1. Das Problem des Vergleichs
2.2. Verbot von Diskriminierung
2.3. Mittelbare Diskriminierung
2.4. Positive Maßnahmen
2.5. Belästigung
3. Zugang zur Beschäftigung und Arbeitsbedingungen
3.1. Ausnahmen
3.2. Noch einmal: positive Maßnahmen
3.3. Schwangerschaft und Mutterschaft: eine Ausnahme?
4. Schwangerschafts- und Mutterschutz; Elternurlaub
4.1. Schwangerschaft und Mutterschaft
4.2. Elternurlaub
5. Gleiches Entgelt
5.1. Was ist „Entgelt“ und was ist „gleichwertig“?
5.2. Die Rolle der Kollektivvereinbarungen und der Arbeitgeber
5.3. Durchsetzung von gleichem Entgelt
6. Betriebliche Rentensysteme
6.1. Unsicherheit bezüglich des Charakters der nationalen Systeme
6.2. Versicherungsmathematische Faktoren
7. Gesetzliche Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit
7.1. Familien- und Hinterbliebenenleistungen
7.2. Sozialhilfe
7.3. Ausnahmen vom Gleichbehandlungsgrundsatz: Betreuungszeiten
7.4. Ausnahmen vom Grundsatz der Gleichbehandlung: Unterschiede im Rentenalter
8. Selbständig Erwerbstätige und mitarbeitende Ehegatten
8.1. Schwangerschafts-, Mutterschafts- und Elternrechte
8.2. Beruflicher Status von mitarbeitenden Ehepartnern
9. Güter und Dienstleistungen
9.1. Schwangerschaft, Mutterschaft und Elternschaft
9.2. Positive Maßnahmen
9.3. Ausnahmen vom Grundsatz der Gleichbehandlung
10. Durchsetzung und Einhaltung
10.1. Gerichtliche Verfahren
10.2. Rechtsmittel und Sanktionen
10.3. Viktimisierung
10.4. Beweislast
10.5. Gleichstellungsstellen
10.6. Die Rolle der Sozialpartner
11. Abschließende Bemerkung: Recht in der Theorie und Recht in der Praxis
Anhänge
Anhang I Richtlinien
Anhang II Kontaktdaten der nationalen Gleichstellungsstellen
Anhang III Mitglieder des Europäischen Netzwerks von Rechtsexpertinnen und Rechtsexperten aufdem Gebiet der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern
Author: Prechal, Sacha ; 133178439 | Burri, Susanne
Contributer: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, Soziales und Chancengleichheit
Publisher: Amt für Amtliche Veröffentlichungen
Year: 2009
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: 978-92-79-12974-2 | KE-78-09-975-DE-C | 978-92-79-12975-9 | KE-78-09-975-EN-C | 978-92-79-12976-6 | KE-78-09-975-FR-C
Language: en | de | fr
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: provision for old ageemploymentparentsEUsalaryaffirmative actionlaw
Subject: European Community law in generalBenefit plans. PensionsEqual opportunitiesWages. Wage incentives
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
Bitte beachten Sie die urheberrechtlichen Bedingungen der Dokumentenbenutzung / Please observe the copyright when accessing the document | Quelle / Source: Europäische Kommission (http://ec.europa.eu/)
Title: Promoting uptake of parental and paternity leave among fathers in the European Union
Abstract
The take-up rate of parental and paternity leave among fathers has been increasing in most Member States but it still remains relatively low. Covering all the EU Member States and Norway, this report looks at the most recent trends in terms of take-up of parental and paternity leave, existing provisions and factors influencing take-up rates. It also examines measures and initiatives recently implemented by national authorities, governments and social partners to promote the take-up of parental and paternity leave, particularly among fathers.[Author vide Copyright]
Author: Cabrita, Jorge | Wohlgemuth, Felix
Publisher: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
Year: 2015
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: 978-92-897-1368-9 | TJ-01-15-084-EN-N | EF/15/08/EN
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: Working conditionsparentsleave for parents
Subject: Working condititions. Work organization
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
Bitte beachten Sie die urheberrechtlichen Bedingungen der Dokumentenbenutzung / Please observe the copyright when accessing the document | Quelle / Source: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (http://eurofound.europa.eu)
Title: The Implementation of Parental Leave Directive 2010/18 in 33 European Countries
Abstract
The purpose of this report is to provide information on and present an analysis of the implementation of Parental Leave Directive 2010/18 as well as possible weaknesses and lacunae in the existing acquis. The focus of this report will be on the way the various types of family leave and other measures intended to promote the reconciliation of professional and family life are addressed and combined at national level and the extent to which the national approach is in line with EU law. The topic of leaves aimed at facilitating the reconciliation of work, private and family life has been addressed in several reports of the European Commission’s European Network of Legal Experts in the Field of Gender Equality (hereafter: Gender Network). In this report, the main focus is on the implementation of the changes made by Parental Leave Directive 2010/18 to the previous Directive on the subject (Directive 96/34/EC2), at national level. [Author vide copyright]
Table of Contents
Part I Executive Summary. Maria do Rosário Palma Ramalho
1. Purpose and scope of the Report
2. The legislative context in European Union Law
2.1. Primary and secondary legislation
2.2. Soft law and policies of the European Union as regards the reconciliation of professional and family life
2.3. Case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union
3. Summary of the findings
3.1. Context
3.2. Implementation of Directive 2010/18
3.3. Purpose and scope (Clause 1)
3.4. Parental leave (Clause 2)
3.5. Modalities of application (Clause 3)
3.6. Adoption (Clause 4)
3.7. Employment rights and non-discrimination (Clause 5)
3.8. Return to work (Clause 6)
3.9. Time off from work on grounds of force majeure (Clause 7)
3.10. Final provisions (Clause 8)
3.11. Sanctions (Article 2)
3.12. Case law
3.13. Practice and other relevant issues
4. Conclusions
Part II National Law: Reports from the Experts of the Member States, EEA Countries, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey
Annex 1 Tables
Annex 2 Questionnaire
Annex 3 Bibliographie
Author: Foubert, Petra ; 171567366 | Burri, Susanne ; 107410966X | Ramalho, Maria do Rosa?rio Palma ; 103418010X
Contributer: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher | European Network of Legal Experts in the Field of Gender Equality, Utrecht
Publisher: Amt für Amtliche Veröffentlichungen, Luxemburg
Year: unknown
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: 978-92-79-45836-1 | DS-04-15-128-EN-N
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: flexibility of working hoursreduction in working hoursoccupationparentsleave for parentsEUfamilygender
equality of rights
Subject: European Community law in generalEqual opportunitiesEducational development and policyHours of work
Countries Scheme: Europe. General ResourcesIcelandNorwayCroatia
Republic of MacedoniaTurkey
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
Bitte beachten Sie die urheberrechtlichen Bedingungen der Dokumentenbenutzung / Please observe the copyright when accessing the document | Quelle / Source: Europäische Kommission (http://ec.europa.eu/)
Title: Study on the impact of marketing through social media, online games and mobile applications on children's behaviour :
Final Report
Title (other): Study on the impact of marketing through social media, online games and mobile applications on children's behaviour :
Executive Summary | The impact of online marketing on children’s behaviour : Factsheet (en) | The impact of online
marketing on children’s behaviour
Abstract
The European Online Games, Social Media and Mobile Application sector has grown substantially in recent years and children are exposed to increasingly sophisticated marketing techniques online which are often outside the purview of existing regulatory frameworks. This study aims to provide a better understanding of online marketing to children and to inform effective policy measures for the protection of children as consumers. The study uses a range of information sources, including a systematic literature review, a review of legislation and regulatory framework at EU and Member State level, in-depth analysis of games, focus groups with parents and children, a survey with parents, and behavioural experiments on advergames and in-app purchases. The study finds that online marketing practices have an impact on children, and that children have difficulties recognizing marketing content, in activating defence mechanisms and in taking decisions. The analysis also shows that although parents play an important role in mediating their children’s online behaviour, parents are often not fully aware of the risks their children are exposed to in online environments. The study concludes with policy recommendations focussing on policies to address children as a particularly vulnerable consumer group.[Author vide copyright]
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
2 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
2.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
2.2 FOCUS
2.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
2.4 PHASES: RESEARCH PROCESS
2.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
3 RESEARCH METHODS OF THE STUDY
3.1 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
3.2 REVIEW OF LEGISLATION AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
3.3 IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF GAMES
3.3.1 Screening process
3.3.2 Selection
3.3.3 Indicators
3.3.4 Procedure
3.4 FOCUS GROUPS
3.4.1 Scope
3.4.2 Materials
3.4.3 Distribution of participants and screening criteria
3.5 PARENTS’ SURVEY
3.5.1 Questionnaire design
3.5.2 Target and sampling
3.5.3 Fieldwork process
3.6 EXPERIMENTS
3.6.1 Advergame experiment
3.6.2 In-app purchase experiment
4 MARKETING TECHNIQUES OVERVIEW
4.1 MAPPING OF MARKETING TECHNIQUES AND PROBLEMATIC PRACTICES
4.2 ONLINE GAMES AND PLATFORMS FEATURES
4.2.1 Advertisement features
4.2.2 Games features
4.2.3 User engagement
4.3 PROTECTIVE MEASURES
4.3.1 Overview
4.3.2 Protective measures in place in the online games analysed
4.3.3 Key platform user policies analysis
4.4 SUMMARY OF KEY RESULTS
5 CHILDREN’S PERSPECTIVES AND EXPERIENCES
5.1 ADVERTISEMENT AND CHILDREN: GENERAL THEORIES
5.2 KEY DETERMINANTS OF CHILDREN’S VULNERABILITY
5.2.1 Gender
5.2.2 Age
5.2.3 Socio-economic status
5.2.4 Internet use and peer pressure
5.3 IMPACT OF MARKETING ON CHILDREN
5.3.1 Impact on behaviour
5.3.2 Impact on perceptions and behavioural intentions
5.4 IMPACT OF ADVERTISEMENTS ON DRINKING BEHAVIOUR
5.5 CHILDREN’S VIEWS (11 AND 12 YEARS OLD)
5.5.1 Online advertisement perception
5.5.2 Children's perceptions of the impact of online marketing on their own behaviour
5.5.3 Social media
5.5.4 Privacy
5.5.5 Advergames and drinking games
5.5.6 In-app purchase
5.6 ACTUAL INFLUENCE OF SOPHISTICATED MARKETING TECHNIQUES – RESULTS FROM BEHAVIOURAL EXPERIMENTS
5.6.1 Advergame experiment
5.6.2 In-app purchase
5.7 SUMMARY OF KEY RESULTS
| 6 PARENTS’ PERSPECTIVES AND THEIR REGULATORY STRATEGIES
6.1 PARENTS' REGULATION OF THEIR CHILDREN’S ONLINE ACTIVITIES
6.2 WHAT ARE PARENTS CONCERNED ABOUT?
6.2.1 Parents' perceptions of risks
6.2.2 The relationship between perceived risk and likelihood of online hazards
6.2.3 Online games and advergames
6.2.4 In-app purchase
6.3 WHAT INFLUENCES PARENTAL CONCERNS?
6.3.1 Experience
6.3.2 Country differences in risk perception of online hazards
6.3.3 Children's age
6.3.4 Social status
6.3.5 Education
6.3.6 Parents' mediation style
6.4 PARENTS’ VIEW AS TO WHAT SHOULD BE DONE? AND WHO SHOULD DO IT?
6.4.1 Protective measures
6.4.2 Locus of responsibility
6.4.3 Protective measures related to advertising in online games
6.4.4 Protective measures related to in-app purchases
6.4.5 Protective measures and parents’ mediating style
6.5 FOCUS GROUP: PARENTS' OWN REGULATION OF THEIR CHILDREN'S ONLINE ACTIVATES
6.6 SUMMARY OF KEY RESULTS
7 MAPPING AND CLASSIFICATION OF POLICY INTERVENTIONS
7.1 BACKGROUND
7.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
7.2.1 Directive 2011/83/EU on Consumer Rights (CRD)
7.2.2 Directive 2010/13/EU on Audiovisual Media Services (AVMSD)
7.2.3 Directive 2005/29/EC on Unfair Commercial Practices (UCPD)
7.2.4 Directive 95/46/EC on Data Protection (DPD)
7.2.5 Directive 2000/31/EC on Electronic Commerce (ECD)
7.3 SELF-REGULATORY INITIATIVES AT EU LEVEL
7.3.1 Self-Regulation in the EU Advertising Sector
7.3.2 The Responsible Marketing Pact
7.3.3 Media Smart
7.3.4 CEO Coalition to make better Internet for kids
7.3.5 Safer Social Networking Principles for the EU
7.3.6 The EU Pledge: Nutrition criteria
7.4 MEMBER STATES’ APPROACHES ALONG REGULATORY REGIMES
7.4.1 Balancing regulation and self-regulation in the area of advertising
7.4.2 Co-regulatory initiatives in the area of advertising
7.4.3 Self-regulatory initiatives in the area of advertising
7.5 SUMMARY OF KEY RESULTS
8 CONCLUSIONS
| 8.1 PROBLEMATIC PRACTICES IN ONLINE GAMES
8.1.1 How problematic practices in online games can be identified
8.1.2 Marketing practices employed by the industry
8.1.3 Protective measures present in online games
8.2 IMPACT OF MARKETING ON CHILDREN AND THEIRBEHAVIOUR
8.2.1 The consumer behaviour of an average child
8.2.2 Impact of marketing on children's behaviour
8.2.3 Children's own perceptions of online marketing
8.3 PARENTS' RISK PERCEPTIONS AND REGULATORY STRATEGIES
8.3.1 Risk perception
8.3.2 Regulatory strategies
8.3.3 Parents' perceptions of what should be done
8.4 MAPPING OF POLICY INTERVENTIONS IN PLACE IN EU MEMBER STATES
9 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
9.1 MAKING MARKETING AND ADVERTISEMENTS MORE TRANSPARENT TO CONSUMERS AND ENHANCING PROTECTION OF CHILDREN
9.2 INTRODUCE PROTECTIVE MEASURES TARGETING CHILDREN DIRECTLY
9.3 NEED TO UPDATE THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
10 REFERENCES
ANNEXES
ANNEX 1 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW SELECTION PROCESS
ANNEX 2 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REFERENCES
ANNEX 3 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REFERENCES CLASSIFICATION
ANNEX 4 REGULATION AND PROTECTIVE MEASURE STAKEHOLDERS ONLINE SURVEY
ANNEX 5 SELECTION OF GAMES
ANNEX 6 FOCUS GROUP SCREENINGCRITERIA AND GUIDELINES
ANNEX 7 FOCUS GROUP STIMULI MATERIALS
ANNEX 8 FOCUS GROUP PARENTS AND CHILDREN DISTRIBUTION
ANNEX 9 PARENTS’ SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
ANNEX 10 PARENTS’ SURVEY TARGET, SAMPLING AND WEIGHTING
ANNEX 11 PARENTS’ SURVEY FIELDWORK PROCESS
ANNEX 12 IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF GAMES RESULTS
ANNEX 13 PARENTS’ SURVEY DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS WHOLE SAMPLE
Socio-demographic information
Children’s Internet access, devices and usage
Parents’ digital skills
Parents’ perception of children’s digital skills
Mediation of use and safety: active and restrictive
Severity of risk and vulnerability
Problematic practices online
Self-efficacy
Parents’ recognition of digital content
ANNEX 14 PARENTS’ SURVEY DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS BY COUNTRY
United Kingdom
Spain
| France
Italy
Netherlands
Germany
Poland
Sweden
Author (Corp. Body): London School of Economics and Political Science | Fundació per a la Universität Oberta de Catalunya | Block de ideas SL, Tech i
Contributer: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Amt für Veröffentlichungen
Year: 2016
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: 978-92-9200-707-2 | EB-02-16-118-EN-N | Contract n° EACH/FWC/ 2013 85 08 | 978-92-9200-707-2 | EB-02-16-118-EN-N
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: parentsEUchildprotection of children in publicmarketingmedia behavioronline mediaconsumer protection
Subject: European Community law in generalMediaBuying and selling
Countries Scheme: Germany. General ResourcesEurope. General ResourcesSwedenPolandItaly
SpainFranceUnited KingdomNetherlands
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
Bitte beachten Sie die urheberrechtlichen Bedingungen der Dokumentenbenutzung / Please observe the copyright when accessing the document | Quelle / Source: Europäische Kommission (http://ec.europa.eu/)
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