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Title: Has Turkey fulfilled the Copenhagen political criteria?
Abstract
The next few months are the last opportunity for Turkey to take steps that could influence the european Commission's recommendation in October on whether the Copenhagen political criteria have been met, and therefore whether to open accession negotiations, with the European Council due to take the decision in December. Following a brief summary of the Copenhagen political criteria and illustrations of how they were applied in the current enlargement, this short paper draws on a detailed review of Turkey's progress in relation to the most sensitive areas covered under the Copenhagen criteria (the role of the military, human rights, minority rights and the judiciary). It identifies 20 steps that could conceivably be taken in the next few months by the Turkish government with a view to securing a positive decision. Several but not all of these points have already been raised in the Commission's '2003 Regular Report on Turkey's Progress towards Accession'. [Urheber s. Copyright]
Author: Emerson, Michael
Series Title: CEPS Policy brief ; 48
Publisher: Centre for European Policy Studies
Year: 2004
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EUjoining of the European UnionEU expansionTurkey
Subject: European Communities. European Union
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
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Title: European Prospects of the Western Balkans
Title (other): The European Union and Moldova ;Relations between Turkey and the European Union ; Europejska perspektywa Ba¸kanów
Zachodnich ; Unia Europejska a Moldawia ; Relacje Turcji z Unià Europejskà
Author: Tekieli, Stanislaw | Wróbel, Jacek | Balcer, Adam
Series Title: CES Studies ; 13 | Prace OSW; 13
Publisher: Centre for Eastern Studies | OÊrodek Studiów Wschodnich
Year: 2004
Language: en | pol
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EUEU expansionTurkeyWestern Europe
Subject: History of the European Communities. European ideaEuropean Community external relations and associated countries
Countries Scheme: LiechtensteinTurkey
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Title: Turkey and the European Union: Just another enlargement?
Title (other): Exploring the implications of Turkish accession ; On the occasion of the ?Turkey?s EU end-game?? ; European Policy
Summit of 17 June 2004.
Abstract
The paper analyses the likely political and economic impacts of Turkish membership of the EU for the Union itself. It asks whether Turkish accession can be managed in a similar way to that of other enlargements or whether critics are right that Turkey is too big, too poor, has too dangerous borders and is insufficiently 'European' to join the Union. Turkey was officially recognised as an EU candidate in December 1999, and in December 2002, the European Council announced that if Turkey met its political 'Copenhagen' criteria by the end of 2004 it would open negotiations without delay. Since then, major political reforms in Turkey have promoted democratisation, and led to considerable steps forward in the area of human rights including minority rights and in the area of civilian control of the military. At the same time, reforms are not complete and there are particular problems in many areas of implementation of reform including in the human rights area. Turkey is a large country in population terms and a small one in economic terms. If Turkey joins the Union in 2015 it will have a population of 82.1 million, slightly smaller than that of Germany at 82.4 million. By 2025, at 87 million people, Turkey will be the largest EU member state and will account for 15.5% of the EU's total population. Looking forward to 2050, population is predicted to stabilise at 97 million - 17.7% of EU-28's total population. Today, Turkey's economy is just 1.9% of EU-25 GDP. Assuming average annual growth of 5%, it would be 2.9% of GDP on accession in 2015. Turkey's GDP per head (at purchasing power parity) is only 27% of the EU average. Given its small size, Turkish accession will have minimal impact on the EU economy. As a large poor country, Turkey will be eligible for significant budget transfers from the Union. Likely budget flows in the first three years of Turkish membership are estimated at a total of u008045.5 billion, i.e. around u008015 billion a year. Turkey's own contributions to th
Author: Hughes, Kirsty
Series Title: A Friends of Europe working paper
Publisher: Friends of Europe
Year: 2004
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: demographic developmentEU expansioneconomypoliticsTurkey
Subject: European Communities and European Union in generalDevelopment plans. RegionsPopulation dynamics
Countries Scheme: Turkey
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Title: Turkey - a new corporate world for Europe
Title (other): An evaluation of the implications of potential Turkish membership of the European Union
Abstract
This report was prepared for the Turkish-EU Enlargement Council of the European Round Table of Industrialists. Its aim is to assist an evaluation of the implications of potential Turkish membership of the European Union. The EU is to review a European Commission report on Turkey's progress in meeting the Copenhagen Criteria for full membership at the European Council meeting due in December 2004 and, dependent on this review, decide on a date for starting negotiations with Turkey on full membership. The report describes Turkey as a large country with the consumer potential of a small European country. However, in the future, it will be a market which few companies can afford to ignore. The Turkey of today is a strategic asset to Europe by providing a buffer against rogue states and regional uncertainties. The Turkey of tomorrow is an asset as the power engine of regional growth and stability. Europe's endorsement of Turkish prospects will increase market confidence and fuel foreign and domestic investment in Turkish industry to take advantage of labour and transportation costs. It is a virtuous circle: a more prosperous Turkey creates European prosperity which is in turn reinvested in Turkey. [Urheber s. Copyright]
Author: Eczacibasi, Bülent
Contributer: European Round Table of Industrialists
Year: 2004
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EU expansioninvestmentconsumer researchTurkeyeconomic development (on national level)
Subject: European Communities. European UnionEconomic and social developmentEconomic conditions. Economic structure
Countries Scheme: Turkey
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Bitte beachten Sie die urheberrechtlichen Bedingungen der Dokumentenbenutzung / Please observe the copyright when accessing the document | Quelle / Source: ABIG (http://www.abig.org.tr/)
Title: Turkey and the EU Budget
Title (other): Prospects and Issues
Abstract
When calculating the cost of Turkish membership for the incumbent members, one must appreciate that this process is highly speculative. Not only Turkey, but also the EU are evolving and changing constantly. In addition, one cannot know with certainty what the rules concerning the budget will be by the time of accession. Nevertheless, there are ways - at least to some extent- to calculate the cost that Turkey as a fully integrated EU member would represent to the budget. The first possibility is to calculate what Turkey would receive under the Common Agricultural Policy and the Structural Funds, as a full member today. The second approach would be to calculate what the EU would have to pay by a likely accession date such as 2015, under current rules. In this context, one should not ignore transitional arrangements such as PHARE and other pre-accession programmes that Romania and Bulgaria already benefit from. Although the authors are aware of the fact that the elaborated numbers may be altered, one may say that net transfers would have a significant impact in Turkey, while being a manageable amount for the EU budget. [Urheber s. Copyright]
Author: Dervis, Kemal | Gros, Daniel | Öztrak, Faik | Isik, Yusuf
Series Title: EU-Turkey Working Papers; 6/2004
Contributer: Centre for European Policy Studies
Year: 2004
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: 92-9079-517-4
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: budgetEU expansionTurkey
Subject: European Community financial management
Countries Scheme: Europe. General ResourcesTurkey
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Title: An asset but not a model: Turkey, the EU and the wider Middle East
Abstract
Turkey could be the EU's biggest success in foreign affairs. Europeans should be proud that they are transforming, in a peaceful manner, the political system of a country as large and complex as Turkey. Regime change EU-style is cheap, voluntary and long-lasting. Turkey also has a lot to contribute to EU policies for the wider Middle East: credibility, political access and economic leverage. But compared to the rest of the Middle East, Turkey's case is unique: it has long-standing ties with the West; a secular state structure; and the bait of EU membership has transformed its political elite. The paper argues that Turkey is an asset for the EU, but not a model for the Middle East. The author believes that Turkey deserves a 'yes' from EU leaders in December to start accession negotiations. In return, Turkey must maintain the reform momentum, accept stringent monitoring, and make greater efforts to persuade a sceptical West European public that Turkey's accession is in their interest too. The practical and symbolic effects of Turkey's membership on the EU's policies and (self) image would be considerable, though not revolutionary. Turkey has a lot to contribute to EU policies on the Middle East: credibility, political access, know-how and economic leverage. If handled deftly, the prospect of Turkey's accession could be a real boon for EU influence in the region. The reverse is also true: a rejection of Turkey would not only jeopardise the reform momentum inside the country, but also counter the pro-EU and moderating shift in its regional policy. The EU would forego Turkey's contributions. And a shunned Turkey will more likely side with the US - both in particular instances such as Iran or Israel-Palestine, and in its overall foreign policy philosophy. [Urheber s. Copyright]
Author: Everts, Steven
Series Title: Centre for European Reform essays
Publisher: Centre for European Reform
Year: 2004
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EU expansionpoliticsgovernmentTurkey
Subject: European Community external relations
Countries Scheme: MIDDLE EASTTurkey
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
Bitte beachten Sie die urheberrechtlichen Bedingungen der Dokumentenbenutzung / Please observe the copyright when accessing the document | Quelle / Source: Centre for European Reform (http://www.cer.org.uk/)
Title: From drift to strategy: why the EU should start accession talks with Turkey
Abstract
Back in the 1960s the EU accepted the idea of Turkish membership in a fit of absent-mindedness, not as part of a coherent strategy. EU leaders and their voters are mostly unenthusiastic about the idea of Turkey joining the EU, and many prominent politicians openly oppose it. Yet the EU has made a series of half-hearted promises over four decades that will eventually force it to accept Turkey - grudgingly and with great misgivings. Now the EU needs to think strategically about this relationship rather than continue to drift. Turkey's membership aspirations are widely seen as a threat to European integration, but they are really an astonishing opportunity for the EU. Turkey is the largest and strategically most important country ever to apply for membership. It is a valuable partner for the EU in the Black Sea region and the Middle East. Every time the EU has set new conditions for starting negotiations, Turkey has met them. The current government in Ankara has pushed through deeply controversial reforms of the Turkish state, to comply with EU accession requirements. The EU is able to exercise 'soft power' in Turkey on an unprecedented scale - and in a strongly nationalistic, proud country. The United States cannot boast that any country has ever adopted its norms and followed its policy preferences so closely as Turkey has followed the EU's. For anyone who wants the EU to have a credible foreign policy, the Union's relationship with Turkey is a great success story. But for that success to continue, negotiations have to start. There are good and bad reasons for the EU to accept Turkey as a member. The worst reason to pursue accession is that the member states can find no alternative, even if their populations remain largely opposed to Turkish membership of the EU. In that case, negotiations will be slow, member states will be reluctant to close chapters, and the Turks will become extremely frustrated. The best reason for Turkey's accession is if the Turkish authorities use the acce
Author: Grabbe, Heather
Series Title: Centre for European Reform essays
Publisher: Centre for European Reform
Year: 2004
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EU expansionpolicy of reformsTurkeyeconomic policy
Subject: European Community external relations
Countries Scheme: MIDDLE EASTTurkey
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
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Title: Turkey: On the road again
Abstract
The paper states that economic growth is picking up in Turkey and the economy is on the road to recovery. It concludes that it is up to the Turkish policy makers to make sure that the country's economy will leave its grave problems behind and enjoy a bright future. Despite the recent positive developments, the situation remains fragile: an increase in the real interest rates as a result of an adverse shock to system, a significant real depreciation for the reasons mentioned above, and a slow down in the growth rate because of resource constraints would harm the economic recovery, increasing the required primary surplus. A glance at the budget figures reveals that the government is operating at the limit. The public investment expenditures are at their lowest level in real terms, signalling that the economic infrastructure is under great strain. Assuming no adverse shock to any of the variables, a 5-6% primary surplus for the next 2-3 years requires a significant cut in the public sector employment and/or real wages and salaries. Furthermore, the worsening trend in the social security system, in terms of large deficits, should be reversed immediately. Although the government has been compliant with its programme so far, forthcoming local elections, increasing pressure from the public for populist measures and a strong resistance to restructuring and reform process may easily result in a reversal of the sound fiscal polices of recent months. On this front, the government should give stronger assurances that its firm commitment to the program will endure. [Urheber s. Copyright]
Author: Selcuk, Faruk
Publisher: Türk Sanayicileri ve Is Adamlari Dernegi
Year: 2003
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EU expansionTurkeyeconomic development (on national level)economic growth
Subject: European Community external relationsEconomic and growth policies
Countries Scheme: Turkey
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Bitte beachten Sie die urheberrechtlichen Bedingungen der Dokumentenbenutzung / Please observe the copyright when accessing the document | Quelle / Source: Türk Sanayicileri ve Is Adamlari Dernegi (http://www.tusiad.us/)
Title: MITTEILUNG DER KOMMISSION: Strategiepapier 2005 zur Erweiterung : {SEC(2005) 1433 } ; {SEC(2005) 1421 } ; {SEC(2005)
1422 } ; {SEC(2005) 1423 } ; {SEC(2005) 1424 } ; {SEC(2005) 1426 } ; {SEC(2005) 1428 }
Title (other): {SEC(2005) 1433 } ; {SEC(2005) 1421 } ; {SEC(2005) 1422 } ; {SEC(2005) 1423 } ; {SEC(2005) 1424 } ; {SEC(2005) 1426 } ;
{SEC(2005) 1428 } | {SEC(2005) 1433 } ; {SEC(2005) 1421 } ; {SEC(2005) 1422 } ; {SEC(2005) 1423 } ; {SEC(2005) 1424 } ;
{SEC(2005) 1426 } ; {SEC(2005) 1428 }
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Erweiterung
Year: 2005
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: KOM(2005) 561 endgültig | COM (2005) 561 final | COM (2005) 561 final
Language: en | de | fr
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EU expansionCroatiaTurkey
Subject: European Community external relations and associated countriesEuropean Community treaties and agreements
Countries Scheme: CroatiaSouthern Europe. General ResourcesTurkey
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Title: Background study on labour market and employment in Turkey
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The objectives of the study
1.2 Methodology
1.3 Limitations
2. LABOUR MARKET SITUATION IN TURKEY
2.1 General trends
2.2 Wage structure
2.3 Social security and taxes
2.4 Key issues
3. EMPLOYMENT
3.1 General trends
3.2 Structural changes in employment (major sectors)
3.3 Employment in the private sector
3.4 Regional distribution of employment
3.5 Rural employment
3.6 Child labour
3.7 'Hidden' employment
3.8 Vacancies and structural imbalances
4. LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION
4.1 Demographic trends
4.2 Labour force participation of the population
4.3 Labour force participation by educational attainment
4.4 Labour force participation by region
4.5 Supply of hours
4.6 Geographic mobility
5. UNEMPLOYMENT
5.1 Unemployment data
5.2 General trends in total unemployment
5.3 Unemployment by age groups
5.4 Unemployment by educational attainment
5.5 Unemployment by region
5.6 'Hidden' unemployment
6. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING SYSTEMS
6.1 General status of the vocational education and training system
6.2 Initial vocational education
6.3 Continuous training and adult education
6.4 Training for the unemployed
7. LABOUR MARKET INSTITUTIONS
7.1 Government bodies
7.2 Labour market regulations
7.3 Industrial relations
8. LABOUR MARKET POLICIES
8.1 Passive labour market measures
8.2 Active labour market measures
8.3 Public employment services
8.4 Industrial policies
9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
ANNEXES
Annex 1. Supplementary figures and tables
Annex 2. Annotated bibliography
REFERENCES
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND KEY TERMS
Author: Tunali, Ýnsan
Contributer: European Training Foundation
Year: 2004
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne elektronische Bücher (e-books)
Keyword: labor marketemploymentTurkey
Subject: Labour market
Countries Scheme: Turkey
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Title: Screening report Turkey : Chapter 7: Intellectual property law
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Erweiterung
Year: 2006
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EUEU expansionintellectual propertyTurkeycopyright
Subject: European Community external relations and associated countries
Countries Scheme: Turkey
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Title: Screening report Turkey : Chapter 8: Competition Policy
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Erweiterung
Year: 2006
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EU expansionTurkeycompetition
Subject: European Community external relations and associated countries
Countries Scheme: Turkey
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Title: Screening report Turkey : Chapter 11: Agriculture and Rural Development
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Erweiterung
Year: 2006
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EU expansionrural developmentagricultureTurkey
Subject: European Community external relations and associated countries
Countries Scheme: Turkey
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Title: Screening report Turkey : Chapter 17: Economic and Monetary Policy
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Erweiterung
Year: 2006
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EU expansionmonetary policyTurkeyeconomic policy
Subject: European Community external relations and associated countries
Countries Scheme: Turkey
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Title: Screening report Turkey : Chapter 1: Free Movement of Goods
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Erweiterung
Year: 2007
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EU expansionfreedom of movementcommerceTurkeycommodity
Subject: European Community external relations and associated countries
Countries Scheme: Turkey
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Title: Screening report Turkey : Chapter 3: Right of establishment and freedom to provide services
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Erweiterung
Year: 2007
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: serviceEU expansionfreedom of establishmentTurkey
Subject: European Community external relations and associated countries
Countries Scheme: Turkey
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Title: Screening report Turkey : Chapter 6: Company Law
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Erweiterung
Year: 2007
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EU expansioncorporate rulesTurkey
Subject: European Community external relations and associated countries
Countries Scheme: Turkey
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Title: Screening report Turkey : Chapter 9: Financial services
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Erweiterung
Year: 2007
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: serviceEU expansionfiscal policyTurkey
Subject: European Community external relations and associated countries
Countries Scheme: Turkey
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Title: Screening report Turkey : Chapter 12: Food safety, veterinary and phytosanitary policy
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Erweiterung
Year: 2007
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EU expansionfoodplant preservationprotection of animalsTurkeyconsumer protection
Subject: European Community external relations and associated countries
Countries Scheme: Turkey
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Title: Screening report Turkey : Chapter 16: Taxation
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Erweiterung
Year: 2007
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: taxationEU expansionTurkey
Subject: European Community external relations and associated countries
Countries Scheme: Turkey
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