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Title: Harassment related to Sex and Sexual Harassment Law in 33 European Countries : Discrimination versus Dignity
Table of Contents
Members of the European Network of Legal Experts in the Field of GenderEquality
Part I
Executive Summary
1. Introduction
1.1. Legal background
1.2. General situation
2. Harassment related to sex and sexual harassment in the context ofanti-discrimination law
2.1. Legislation
2.1.1. On the implementation of EU law generally
2.1.2. Definitions
2.1.3. Is sexual harassment related to sex discrimination?
2.1.4. The addressees of implementing regulations
2.1.5. Prevention
2.1.6. Procedures
2.1.7. Burden of proof
2.1.8. Remedies and sanctions
2.2. Case law
2.2.1. Introduction
2.2.2. National courts and equality bodies; general features of case law
2.2.3. Focus on dignity
3. Harassment related to sex and sexual harassment outside the framework of anti-discrimination law
3.1. Legislation
3.2. The role of collective agreements
4. The Discriminatory Approach versus the Dignity Harm Approach – a final analysis
4.1. Added value
4.2. Pitfalls
4.3. Concluding remarks
Part II
National Law: Reports from the Experts of the Member States, EEA Countries, Croatia, FYR of Macedonia and Turkey
AUSTRIA
BELGIUM
BULGARIA
CROATIA
CYPRUS
CZECH REPUBLIC
DENMARK
ESTONIA
FINLAND
FRANCE
GERMANY
GREECE
HUNGARY
ICELAND
IRELAND
ITALY
LATVIA
LIECHTENSTEIN
LITHUANIA
LUXEMBOURG
FYR of MACEDONIA
MALTA
THE NETHERLANDS
NORWAY
POLAND
PORTUGAL
ROMANIA
SLOVAKIA
SLOVENIA
SPAIN
SWEDEN
TURKEY
UNITED KINGOM
Annex 1 Questionnaire
Annex II Bibliography
Author: Numhauser-Henning, Ann ; 124121780 | Laulom, Sylvaine
Contributer: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz | Europäisches Netzwerk von Rechtsexpertinnen und Rechtsexperten auf dem Gebiet der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern
Year: 2012
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: 978-92-79-22816-2 | DS-32-12-019-EN-N
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: equal opportunityEUhuman rightslawsexual harassment
Subject: European Community law in generalHuman rightsSociety. Human relations
Countries Scheme: Europe. General ResourcesTurkey
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Title: (A possible) EU Accession to the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women
and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention) : Roadmap
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher
Year: 2015
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: 2015/JUST/010
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Arbeitspapiere, Preprints
Keyword: EUwomanviolenceequalityaffirmative actionconventionhuman rightsprevention
sexual harassmentsexual abuse
Subject: European Community law in generalHuman rightsEqual opportunities
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
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Title: European Commission actions to combat Violence Against Women
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher
Year: 2015
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EUwomanviolenceequalityaffirmative actionmeasurehuman rightsvictim
preventionsexual harassmentsexual abuse
Subject: European Community law in generalHuman rightsEqual opportunities
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
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Title: Attitudes towards violence against women in the EU
Abstract
Violence against women remains a major social, public health, and human rights problem in the EU. Violence against women is a complex phenomenon that needs to be understood within the wider social context and within the social and cultural norms that permeate it. Public attitudes and responses regarding violence against women reflect these norms and play an important role in shaping the social climate in which the violence occurs. Comprehending attitudes towards violence against women is key to better understanding its root causes and, therefore, developing more effective intervention measures. To achieve this, the report aimed to review all surveys published in the last 5 years in EU countries that included questions addressing attitudes towards violence against women, and review quantitative and qualitative studies of high scientific quality on attitudes towards violence against women in EU countries published in academic journals in the last 5 years. This information was identified and provided by the European Network of Experts on Gender Equality (ENEGE). [Author vide copyright]
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH APPROACH
...
2. PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM: AWARENESS, DEFINITIONS, ACCEPTABILITY AND PERCEIVED SEVERITY
...
3. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE CAUSES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: ATTRIBUTIONS, EXPLANATIONS AND JUSTIFICATIONS
...
4. ARE WOMEN HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR THE VIOLENCE THEY SUFFER? VICTIM-BLAMING ATTITUDES IN EU SURVEYS AND STUDIES
...
5. PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES TOWARDS INTERVENTION, AND RESPONSES IN CASES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
...
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
Author: Gracia, Enrique | Lila, Marisol ; 1056794429
Contributer: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher | Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini | Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale, Mailand | enege
Publisher: Amt für Amtliche Veröffentlichungen, Luxemburg
Year: 2015
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: 978-92-79-53404-1 | DS-02-15-963-EN-N
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EUwomanviolenceequalityaffirmative actionmeasurehuman rightspublic health care delivery system
victimpreventionsexual harassmentsexual abuse
Subject: European Community law in generalHuman rightsEqual opportunitiesSocial structure. Social conditions. Social change
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
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Title: Violence Against Women and Economic Independence
Abstract
Economic independence and fighting gender-based violence are two key priorities in the 2016-19 Strategic Engagement for Gender Equality. Studies assessing economic and health implications of gender-based violence have been undertaken nationally in some Member States as well as for the EU as a whole. Fewer and less representative studies look at the issue the other way round, namely at how women’s own financial independence and the broader economic conditions she, her partner and her household face impinge on violence. The present report addresses this knowledge gap.[Author vide copyright]
Table of Contents
Appendix d: Detailed results – estimated effects of labour force status, relative earnings and family economic status
Appendix E: Detailed results – estimated effects of explanatory variables
Appendix F: Detailed results – estimated country effects
Appendix G: Detailed results – leaving a violent relationship
| Executive Summary
1. Motivation and structure of the report
PART 1: The literature
2. Economic conditions and violence against women
2.1 Economic dimensions of intimate partner violence: theoretical background
2.2 Economic dimensions of intimate partner violence: evidence
2.2.1 Economic violence
2.2.2 Partners’ economic condition and intimate partner violence
2.3 Economic conditions and sexual harassment: theory and evidence
2.3.1 No safe haven
2.3.2 Sociocultural determinants
2.3.3 Power, social identity, stereotyping and work place organisation
2.3.4 Concluding remarks
PART 2: Empirical investigation of the FRA Survey
3. Investigation of the FRA survey: questions, variables and database
3.1 Research questions and database
3.2 Types of violence
3.3 Economic independence
4. Methodology
4.1 A two-step approach
4.2 Estimation methods
4.2.1 Ordered Probability estimation
5. Findings
5.1 Her economic independence and physical violence
5.3 Her economic independence and sexual violence
5.3 Her economic independence and psychological violence
5.4 Her economic independence and economic violence
5.5 Her economic independence and sexual harassment
5.6 Male partner’s economic condition and intimate partner violence
5.7 The importance of education, age, ethnicity, childhood violence and alcohol abuse for VAW
5.8 Leaving a violent relationship
6. Violence against women in times of crisis
6.1 Evidence from the literature
6.2 Evidence from Eurostat
7. Concluding summary
7.1 Questions and answers
7.2 Notes on policy
References
APPEndIx A: Aggregation and weighting of FRA data
APPEndIx B: ‘Explanatory’ variables
APPEndIx C: Additional tables on prevalence of violence
Author: Bettio, Francesca ; 135670977 | Ticci, Elisa
Contributer: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher | Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini | Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale | enege
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Amt für Veröffentlichungen
Year: 2017
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: 978-92-79-65779-5 | DS-01-17-089-EN-N
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: marriageEUwomanviolenceequalitymanpartnershipsexual harassment
sexual abusemacroeconomic factors
Subject: European Community law in generalOther social problemsEqual opportunitiesFamily environment
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
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Title: Gender equality law in Europe : How are EU rules transposed into national law in 2015?
Abstract
This report provides a general overview of the transposition of EU gender equality law in the 28 Member States of the European Union, as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway (the EEA countries) and four candidate countries (the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey). The overview is based on the country reports written by the gender equality law experts of the European equality law network (EELN). This report explains the most important elements of the EU gender equality acquis and its implementation at the national level. The term ‘EU gender equality acquis’ refers to all the relevant Treaty and Charter provisions, legislation and the case law of the CJEU in relation to gender equality.[Author vide copyright]
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
2 GENERAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Constitutional provisions
2.2 Equal treatment legislation
3 IMPLEMENTATION OF CENTRAL CONCEPTS
3.1 Sex/gender/transgender
3.2 Direct sex discrimination
3.3 Indirect sex discrimination
3.4 Multiple discrimination and intersectional discrimination
3.5 Positive action
3.6 Harassment and sexual harassment
3.7 Instruction to discriminate
3.8 Other forms of discrimination
4 EQUAL PAY AND EQUAL TREATMENT AT WORK
4.1 The EU principle of equal pay
4.2 The scope given to the equal pay principle in national law
4.3 Equal treatment at work; access to work and working conditions
4.3.1 The personal and material scope
4.3.2 Exceptions
4.3.3 Particular difficulties
5 MATERNITY, PATERNITY, PARENTAL AND OTHER TYPES OF LEAVES
5.1 Pregnancy and maternity protection
5.2 Maternity leave
5.3 Adoption leave
5.4 Parental leave
5.5 Paternity leave
5.6 Time off/care leave
5.7 Leave in relation to surrogacy
5.8 Leave sharing arrangements
5.9 Flexible working-time arrangements
6 OCCUPATIONAL PENSION SCHEMES (CHAPTER 2 OF DIRECTIVE 2006/54)
6.1 Direct and indirect sex discrimination in occupational social security schemes
6.2 Personal scope
6.3 Material scope
6.4 Exclusions from material scope
6.5 Case law and examples of sex discrimination
6.6 Sex as an actuarial factor
6.7 Difficulties
7 STATUTORY SCHEMES OF SOCIAL SECURITY (DIRECTIVE 79/7)
7.1 Implementation principle of equal treatment
7.2 Personal scope
7.3 Material scope
7.4 Exclusions from material scope
7.5 Sex as an actuarial factor
7.6 Difficulties
8 SELF-EMPLOYED WORKERS (DIRECTIVE 2010/41/EU AND PROVISIONS OF THE RECAST DIRECTIVE)
8.1 Implementation of Directive 2010/41/EU
8.2 Personal Scope
8.3 Different categories of self-employed workers and life partners
| 8.4 Material Scope
8.5 Positive action
8.6 Social protection
8.7 Maternity benefits
8.8 Occupational social security
8.9 Exceptions related to occupational social security
8.10 Prohibition of discrimination
9 EQUAL TREATMENT IN RELATION TO GOODS AND SERVICES
10 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN RELATION TO THE ISTANBUL CONVENTION
11 ENFORCEMENT AND COMPLIANCE
11.1 Victimisation
11.2 Burden of proof
11.3 Remedies and sanctions
11.4 Access to courts
11.5 Equality bodies
11.6 Social partners
11.7 Collective agreements
12 OVERALL ASSESSMENT: LAW ON THE BOOKS VERSUS LAW IN PRACTICE
Author: Timmer, Alexandra | Senden, Linda ; 1054683689
Contributer: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher | European Network of Legal Experts in Gender Equality and Non Discrimination
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Amt für Veröffentlichungen
Year: 2016
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: 978-92-79-58037-6 | 2315-3849 | DS-AD-16-001-EN-N
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: equal rights lawequal opportunitydiscriminationEUwomanequality of treatmentequalityIceland
LiechtensteinmanMacedoniahuman rightsMontenegroNorwaylawlegal usageSerbiasexual harassment
Turkey
Subject: European Community law in generalHuman rights
Countries Scheme: Europe. General ResourcesIcelandNorwayMontenegroSerbiaRepublic of Macedonia
LiechtensteinTurkey
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Title: Legal implications of EU accession to the Istanbul Convention : Including summaries in English, French and German
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
RÉSUMÉ
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
1 INTRODUCTION: VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW
1.1 The Istanbul Convention as a Human Rights Treaty
1.2 A Gender-Based Convention
1.3 The Istanbul Convention as a Criminal Law Treaty
1.4 Conclusion
2 THE ISTANBUL CONVENTION AND EU LAW
2.1 EU competence to accede to the Istanbul Convention
2.1.1 EU competence in the area of criminal law
2.1.2 EU accession to the UN CRPD
2.2 EU fundamental rights and violence against women
2.2.1 EU fundamental rights
2.2.2 EU law on promoting equality between men and women and on sex discrimination
2.2.3 Violence against women as a matter of EU policy
2.3 The Istanbul Convention chapter by chapter in comparison with EU law
2.3.1 The Preamble to the Istanbul Convention
2.3.2 Chapter I: Purposes, definitions, equality and non-discrimination, general obligations (Articles 1-6)
2.3.3 Chapter II: Integrated policies and data collection (Articles 7-11)
2.3.4 Chapter III: Prevention (Articles 12-17)
2.3.5 Chapter IV: Protection and Support (Articles 18-28)
2.3.6 Chapter V: Substantive law (Articles 29-48)
2.3.7 Chapter VI: Investigation, prosecution, procedural law and protective measures
2.3.8 Chapter VII: Migration and asylum (Articles 59-61)
2.3.9 Chapter VIII: International cooperation (Articles 62-65)
2.3.10 Chapter IX: Monitoring mechanism
2.3.11 Chapter X: Relationship with other international instruments (Article 71)
2.3.12
Chapter XI: Amendments to the Convention (Article 72)
2.3.13 Chapter XII: Final Clauses (Articles 73-81)
2.4 Conclusions: added value of accession
3 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL LAW
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Variations in policies on gender-based violence among EU Member States
| 3.3 Signature and ratification of the Istanbul Convention by EU Member States
3.4 Problematic areas in the context of ratification
3.5 Data collection and research (Article 11 of the Istanbul Convention)
3.6 Support services (Articles 18, 20, 22, 23, 24 and 25 of the Istanbul Convention)
3.6.1 General obligation to provide mechanisms for cooperation between agencies (Article 18(2) of the Istanbul Convention)
3.6.2 General support services (Article 20 Istanbul Convention)
3.6.3 Assistance in individual/collective complaints (Article 21 Istanbul Convention)
3.6.4 Specialist support services (Article 22 Istanbul Convention)
3.6.5 Shelters (Article 23)
3.6.6 Telephone helplines (Article 24)
3.6.7 Support for victims of sexual violence (Article 25)
3.6.8 Protection and support for child witnesses (Article 26)
3.7 Protection, investigation, prosecution
3.7.1 Emergency barring orders (Article 52)
3.7.2 Restraining or protection orders (Article 53)
3.7.3 Investigations and evidence (Article 54)
3.7.4 Ex parte and ex officio proceedings (Article 55)
3.7.5 Measures of protection (Article 56)
3.8 Migration and asylum
3.8.1 Residence status (Article 59.2)
3.9 Conclusions
Author: Nousiainen, Kevät | Chinkin, Christine
Contributer: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher | European Network of Legal Experts in Gender Equality and Non Discrimination
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Amt für Veröffentlichungen
Year: 2016
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: 978-92-79-54061-5 | DS-02-15-009-3A-N
Language: en | de | fr
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: discriminationEUEuropean LawCouncil of Europewomangenderviolenceequality of treatment
equalityinternational agreementhuman rightssexual harassment
Subject: European Community law in generalHuman rightsEqual opportunities
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
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Title: LGBT-Erhebung in der EU : Erhebung unter Lesben, Schwulen, Bisexuellen und Transgender-Personen in der Europäischen
Union ; Ergebnisse auf einen Blick
Title (other): EU LGBT survey : European Union lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender survey ; Results at a glance | Enquête LGBT dans
l’UE : Enquête sur les personnes lesbiennes, gays, bisexuelles et transgenres dans l’Union européenne ; Les
résultats en bref
Abstract
Da kaum vergleichbare Daten über die Wahrung, den Schutz und die Verwirklichung der Grundrechte von Lesben, Schwulen, Bisexuellen und Transgender-Personen (LGBT) verfügbar waren, ließ die Agentur der Europäischen Union für Grundrechte (FRA) eine EU-weite Online-Erhebung über die Erfahrungen von LGBT-Personen mit Diskriminierung, Gewalt und Belästigungen durchführen. [Urheber s. Copyright]
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Union / Agentur für Grundrechte
Year: 2014
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: 978-92-9239-172-0
Language: en | de | fr
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: discriminationEUviolencesexualitysexual harassmentsurvey research
Subject: Equal opportunitiesSocial structure. Social conditions. Social change
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
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Title: EU LGBT survey : European Union lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender survey ; Main results
Abstract
In light of a lack of comparable data on the respect, protection and fulfilment of the fundamental rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) persons, FRA launched in 2012 its European Union (EU) online survey of LGBT persons’ experiences of discrimination, violence and harassment. The survey results provide valuable evidence of how LGBT persons in the EU and Croatia experience bias-motivated discrimination, violence and harassment in different areas of life, including employment, education, healthcare, housing and other services.The findings show that many hide their identity or avoid locations because of fear. Others experience discrimination and even violence for being LGBT. Most, however, do not report such incidents to the police or any other relevant authority. By analysing the survey results, this report will assist the EU institutions and Member States in identifying the fundamental rights challenges facing LGBT people living in the EU and Croatia. It can thereby support the development of effective and targeted European and national legal and policy responses to address the needs of LGBT persons and ensure the protection of their fundamental rights. [Author vide copyright]
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Union / Agentur für Grundrechte
Year: 2014
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: 978-92-9239-175-1
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: discriminationEUviolencesexualitysexual harassmentsurvey research
Subject: Equal opportunitiesSocial structure. Social conditions. Social change
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
Bitte beachten Sie die urheberrechtlichen Bedingungen der Dokumentenbenutzung / Please observe the copyright when accessing the document | Quelle / Source: Europäische Agentur für Grundrechte (http://fra.europa.eu/)
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