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143 entries found on 8 pages. starting on record 121 ending on 140

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Title: Organisation chart : European Commission, Directorate-General Agriculture and Rural Development (16.05.2013)
Title (other): Barroso Commission II
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Landwirtschaft und Ländliche Entwicklung
Year: 2013
Language: en
Ressource: Unternehmens- und Institutionenverzeichnisse
Keyword: Organizational structure
Subject: European Community institutions
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
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Title: Organisation chart : European Commission, Directorate-General Agriculture and Rural Development (16.07.2014)
Title (other): Barroso Commission II
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Landwirtschaft und Ländliche Entwicklung
Year: 2014
Language: en
Ressource: Unternehmens- und Institutionenverzeichnisse
Keyword: Organizational structure
Subject: European Community institutions
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
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Title: Organisation chart : European Commission, Directorate-General Agriculture and Rural Development (16.02.2015)
Title (other): Juncker Commission
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Landwirtschaft und Ländliche Entwicklung
Year: 2015
Language: en
Ressource: Unternehmens- und Institutionenverzeichnisse
Keyword: Organizational structure
Subject: European Community institutions
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
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Title: Organisation chart : European Commission, Directorate-General Agriculture and Rural Development (16.04.2015)
Title (other): Juncker Commission
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Landwirtschaft und Ländliche Entwicklung
Year: 2015
Language: en
Ressource: Unternehmens- und Institutionenverzeichnisse
Keyword: Organizational structure
Subject: European Community institutions
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
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Title: Organisation chart : European Commission, Directorate-General Agriculture and Rural Development (01.09.2015)
Title (other): Juncker Commission
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Landwirtschaft und Ländliche Entwicklung
Year: 2015
Language: en
Ressource: Unternehmens- und Institutionenverzeichnisse
Keyword: Organizational structure
Subject: European Community institutions
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
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Title: Organisation chart : European Commission, Directorate-General Agriculture and Rural Development (01.10.2015)
Title (other): Juncker Commission
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Landwirtschaft und Ländliche Entwicklung
Year: 2015
Language: en
Ressource: Unternehmens- und Institutionenverzeichnisse
Keyword: Organizational structure
Subject: European Community institutions
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
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Title: Organisation chart : European Commission, Directorate-General Agriculture and Rural Development (16.02.2016)
Title (other): Juncker Commission
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Landwirtschaft und Ländliche Entwicklung
Year: 2016
Language: en
Ressource: Unternehmens- und Institutionenverzeichnisse
Keyword: Organizational structure
Subject: European Community institutions
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
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Title: Organisation chart : European Commission, Directorate-General Agriculture and Rural Development (01.07.2016)
Title (other): Juncker Commission
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Landwirtschaft und Ländliche Entwicklung
Year: 2016
Language: en
Ressource: Unternehmens- und Institutionenverzeichnisse
Keyword: Organizational structure
Subject: European Community institutions
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
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Title: Organisation chart : European Commission, Directorate-General Agriculture and Rural Development (01.11.2016)
Title (other): Juncker Commission
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Landwirtschaft und Ländliche Entwicklung
Year: 2016
Language: en
Ressource: Unternehmens- und Institutionenverzeichnisse
Keyword: Organizational structure
Subject: European Community institutions
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
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Title: Organisation chart : European Commission, Directorate-General Agriculture and Rural Development (01.03.2018)
Title (other): Juncker Commission
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Landwirtschaft und Ländliche Entwicklung
Year: 2018
Language: en
Ressource: Unternehmens- und Institutionenverzeichnisse
Keyword: Organizational structure
Subject: European Community institutions
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
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Title: Organisation chart : European Commission, Directorate-General Agriculture and Rural Development (16.06.2018)
Title (other): Juncker Commission
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Landwirtschaft und Ländliche Entwicklung
Year: 2018
Language: en
Ressource: Unternehmens- und Institutionenverzeichnisse
Keyword: Organizational structure
Subject: European Community institutions
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
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Title: Behavioural Study on Advertising and Marketing Practices in Online Social Media : Final Report
Title (other): Behavioural Study on Advertising and Marketing Practices in Online Social Media : Executive Summary | Behavioural Study
on Advertising and Marketing Practices in Online Social Media : Annex 1.0 Literature review | Behavioural Study on
Advertising and Marketing Practices in Online Social Media : Annex 1.1.1 Country fiches | Behavioural Study on
Advertising and Marketing Practices in Online Social Media : Annex 1.1.2 OSM providers selection for Desk Research |
Behavioural Study on Advertising and Marketing Practices in Online Social Media : Annex 1.1.3 Provider fiches desktop |
Behavioural Study on Advertising and Marketing Practices in Online Social Media : Annex 1.1.4 Provider fiches
applications | Behavioural Study on Advertising and Marketing Practices in Online Social Media : Annex 1. 3.1 Desk
research report | Behavioural Study on Advertising and Marketing Practices in Online Social Media : Annex 1.3.2 Online
communities report | Behavioural Study on Advertising and Marketing Practices in Online Social Media : Annex 1. 4 .1
Stakeholder survey | Behavioural Study on Advertising and Marketing Practices in Online Social Media : Annex 1.5 Legal
assessment of problematic practices | Behavioural Study on Advertising and Marketing Practices in Online Social Media :
Annex 1. 6 Identification of remedies | Behavioural Study on Advertising and Marketing Practices in Online Social Media
: Annex 2.1 Behavioural experiments | Behavioural Study on Advertising and Marketing Practices in Online Social Media :
Annex 1.2 Business model identification
Abstract
The key objective of this multi-method, exploratory study was to investigate advertising and marketing practices in online social media (OSM) from the perspective of consumer behaviour and consumer protection. It aimed to identify and assess commercial practices in the context of OSM that could be potentially unfair or misleading for consumers. Furthermore, the study aimed to investigate the factors that contribute to their prevalence, and to identify and assess potential remedies to these problematic commercial practices.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Study objectives and report structure
1.2 Methodological approach
1.3 Definition of Online Social Media
2 Online Social Media in the EU
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Top Online Social Media providers in the EU
2.3 Differences across EU Member States
2.4 Key Online Social Media providers in focus
2.4.1 Facebook Inc.
2.4.2 YouTube
2.4.3 Twitter
2.4.4 Reddit
2.4.5 LinkedIn
2.4.6 Snapchat
2.5 Revenue streams of Online Social Media providers
2.6 Delivering marketing content to Online Social Media users
2.7 Commercial practices on Online Social Media
3. Disguised Advertising Practices
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Native advertising
3.1.2 Influencer marketing
3.1.3 Advertorials
3.2 Consumer issues
3.2.1 Evidence from the qualitative research
3.2.2 Evidence from the behavioural experiments
3.2.3 Conclusions
3.3 Legal assessment and remedies
3.3.1 Options for regulatory action
3.3.2 Options for enforcement action
3.3.3 Options for self-regulatory action
3.3.4 Other remedy options
4. Social Proof Practices
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Artificial boosting of social proof indicators
4.1.2 Extrapolation of social endorsements
4.1.3 Other practices linked to social proof
4.2 Consumer issues
4.2.1 Evidence from the qualitative research
4.2.2 Evidence from the behavioural experiments
4.2.2.1 Artificial boosting of social proof indicators
4.2.2.2 Extrapolation of social endorsements
4.3 Conclusions
| 4.4 Legal assessment and remedies
4.4.1 Options for regulatory action
4.4.2 Options for enforcement action
4.4.3 Options for self-regulatory action
5. Data Gathering and Targeting Practices
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 User tracking
5.1.2 Audience targeting
5.1.3 Social media logins
5.2 Consumer issues
5.3 Conclusions
5.4 Legal assessment and remedies
5.4.1 Options for regulatory action
5.4.2 Practice-specific options for enforcement
5.4.3 Other remedy options
6 Other Problematic Practices
6.1 Description of specific practices identified
6.2 Consumer issues, legal assessment and conclusions
6.3 Legal assessment and remedies
6.3.1 Options for enforcement action
7 Conclusions
7.1 The OSM Landscape in the EU
7.2 Disguised advertising practices
7.2.1 Introduction and evidence of consumer issues
7.2.2 Options for regulatory action
7.2.3 Options for enforcement action
7.3 Social proof practices
7.3.1 Introduction and evidence of consumer issues
7.3.2 Options for regulatory action
7.3.3 Options for enforcement action
7.4 Data gathering practices
7.4.1 Introduction and evidence of consumer issues
7.4.2 Options for regulatory action
7.4.3 Options for enforcement action
7.5 General discussion of the current legal context
8 Appendix – Limitations and Future Research
9 List of Annexes
Author (Corp. Body): GfK Consortium
Contributer: Wageningen Universiteit en Researchcentrum | CentERdata | Europäische Kommission / Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency | Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher | Rand Eu
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Amt für Veröffentlichungen
Year: 2018
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: Framework contract No. Chafea 2015 CP 01 | Project number: 2018.3823 | 978-92-9200-945-8 | EB-01-18-679-EN-N | Specific contract No. 2015 85 01 | Project number : 2018.3821 | 978-92-9200-932-8 | EB-02-18-896-EN-N | 978-92-9200-940-3 | EB-01-18-680-EN-N | 978-92-9200-937-3 | EB-01-18-681-EN-N | 978-92-9200-946-5 | EB-01-18-682-EN-N | 978-92-9200-941-0 | EB-01-18-683-EN-N | 978-92-9200-943-4 | 978-92-9200-944-1 | EB-01-18-687-EN-N | EB-01-18-686-EN-N | 978-92-9200-939-7 | EB-01-18-688-EN-N | 978-92-9200-933-5 | EB-01-18-690-EN-N | 978-92-9200-934-2 | EB-01-18-691-EN-N | 978-92-9200-942-7 | EB-01-18-692-EN-N | 978-92-9200-935-9 | EB-01-18-685-EN-N
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EUmarketing instrumentmediaonline mediaconsumerconsumer protectionadvertising mediaadvertising
competition
Subject: European Community law in generalMediaMarkets. CompetitionConsumption. Consumer protection
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
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Title: Behavioural Study on the transparency of online platforms : Final report
Title (other): Behavioural Study on the transparency of online platforms : Executive summary
Abstract
The overall purpose of this Behavioural Study on the Transparency of Online Platforms is to understand the impact of enhanced transparency on consumer trust and behaviour in searching and selecting goods and services on online platforms in three specific areas:Area #1: The general criteria used by platform operators to decide which items are shown to users, in which order, and at what level of saliency, including the disclosure of ownership or contractual relationships that may influence these criteria.Area #2: The identity and the legal status of the contracting parties involved in transactions enabled or facilitated by the platforms (e.g. whether the consumer would be entering a contract with the platform provider or some other retailer or service provider and whether that person is acting as a trader within the meaning of EU consumer law or not).Area #3: The quality controls established by platform operators (or lack thereof) on user review, rating and endorsement systems, e.g. verification of origin and authenticity, incentives linked to entries, screening / censorship, right to rebuttal of affected parties, etc.[Author vide copyright]
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 POLICY CONTEXT AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
1.3 METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
1.4 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT
2 SEARCH RESULTS: PRESENTATION AND TRANSPARENCY
2.1 REGULATORY ASPECTS
2.2 CONSUMER PRACTICES AND PREFERENCE
2.3 EXPERIMENT ON THE PRESENTATION AND TRANSPARENCY OF SEARCH RESULTS
3 TRANSPARENCY ABOUT THE IDENTITY OF CONTRACTUAL PARTIES
3.1 REGULATORY ASPECTS
3.2 CONSUMER PRACTICES AND PREFERENCES
3.3 EXPERIMENT ON TRANSPARENCY REGARDING CONTRACTUAL IDENTITY
4 TRANSPARENCY OF CONSUMER REVIEW, RATING, AND ENDORSEMENT SYSTEMS
4.1 REGULATORY ASPECTS
4.2 CONSUMER PRACTICES AND PREFERENCES
4.3 EXPERIMENT ON TRANSPARENCY OF CONSUMER REVIEWS AND RATING
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 OVERVIEW
5.2 POLICY OPTIONS
5.2.1 Transparency of content and presentation features of search results
5.2.2 Transparency about the identity of contractual parties
5.2.3 Transparency of consumer review, rating, and endorsement systems
5.3 TRANSPARENCY BY DESIGN
REFERENCES
ANNEXES
List of figures
List of tables
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency
Contributer: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher
Year: 2018
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: Specific contract No. 2016 85 04 | Framework contract No. Chafea 2015 CP 01 | 978-92-9200-879-6 | EB-04-18-277-EN-N | 978-92-9200-878-9 | EB-02-18-417-EN-N
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: serviceEUcommerceinternetonline servicequality controllegal basistransparency
consumer protectionsellingeconomic development (on national level)
Subject: Trade. Service industryConsumption. Consumer protection
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
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Title: Consumer vulnerability across key markets in the European Union : Final report
Title (other): Consumer vulnerability across key markets in the European Union : Executive Summary | Understanding consumer
vulnerability in the EU’s key markets : Factsheet | Consumer vulnerability in the EU : A European Commission study
Abstract
The study examines the incidence of vulnerability across the EU28 and Iceland and Norway, and the factors explaining any observed vulnerability. The study uses a range of information sources (literature review, stakeholder interviews, consumer survey and consumer experiments in five countries) and focuses on three key sectors in the European Union. The key finding is that incidence of vulnerability is the highest when consumers face complex advertising or when consumers do not compare deals at all or have problems comparing deals because of market-related factors or personal factors. The analysis of potential drivers of vulnerability shows that market-related drivers are particularly important as these are consistently linked with many vulnerability indicators in the statistical analysis. Among the three sectors of particular interest, the incidence of vulnerability is markedly higher in the energy and finance sectors than in the online sector. The study concludes with a number of recommendations focusing on policies to address consumer vulnerability and on the methodologies to employ in future major studies of consumer vulnerability.[Author vide copyright]
Table of Contents
GLOSSARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. BACKGROUND, INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.1. Policy context
1.2. Scope of the study
1.3. Need for the present study
1.4. Research objectives of the study
1.5. Research activities
1.6. Structure of the report
2. RESEARCH METHODS USED IN THE STUDY
2.1. Literature review
2.2. Stakeholder consultation
2.3. Consumer survey
2.4. Behavioural experiments
2.5. Biographical consumer interviews
2.6. Discussion guide
2.7. Input from the expert group
3. CONCEPTUALISATION OF A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND OPERATIONALISATION OF VULNERABILITY
3.1. Vulnerability definitions
3.2. Conceptualising and typologising vulnerability
3.3. Dimensions of vulnerability used in the present study
3.4. Potential causes of vulnerability
3.5. Expected effects of vulnerability
3.6. Operationalisation of the concept of consumer vulnerability
3.7. Operationalisation of potential drivers of vulnerability
4. INCIDENCE OF CONSUMER VULNERABILITY
4.1. Incidence of various vulnerability dimensions in the EU28 and Norway and Iceland
4.2. Extent that consumers are vulnerable across a number of dimensions
5. CONCEPT OF THE ‘AVERAGE CONSUMER’
5.1. Insights from the literature review and stakeholder consultation
5.2. Vulnerability characteristics of the “average” consumer based on the survey data
6. DRIVERS OF AND FACTORS LINKED TO CONSUMER VULNERABILITY
6.1. Overview of the survey and experiment data analysis supporting this chapter
6.2. Personal and demographic characteristics
6.3. Behavioural drivers of vulnerability
6.4. Market-related drivers of vulnerability and consumers’ experience in markets
6.5. Access drivers of vulnerability
6.6. Situational drivers of vulnerability
| 6.7. Country and country group level analysis of drivers of vulnerability
7. POPULATION OF THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF VULNERABILITY
7.1. Criteria for selecting drivers to be included in the framework
7.2. Drivers and relationships to be included in the framework
7.3. Population of the theoretical framework
7.4. Permanent versus transitory nature of consumer vulnerability
8. ROLE OF MARKETING PRACTICES
8.1. Problematic marketing practices identified via the literature review and stakeholder consultation
8.2. Evidence from the behavioural experiments
9. COMPLEXITIES OF CONSUMER VULNERABILITY ACROSS DIFFERENT SECTORS
9.1. Consumer vulnerability in the financial sector
9.2. Consumer vulnerability in the energysector
9.3. Consumer vulnerability in the online environment and electronic communications sector
9.4. Comparison of vulnerability across the three sectors
10. BEST PRACTICE POLICY MEASURES IN MEMBER STATES AND AT EU LEVEL
10.1. Measures addressing consumer vulnerability
10.2. Institutional structure and role of civil society
10.3. Typology of Member States
11. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND POLICY OPTIONS
11.1. Conclusions
11.2. Recommendations for the Consumer Scoreboards and market studies
11.3. Recommendations and conclusions concerning the UCPD Guidance
11.4. Policy options for mitigating consumer vulnerability
| REFERENCES AND ANNEXES
REFERENCES
ANNEX 1 COUNTRY FICHES
ANNEX 2 RESEARCH METHODS USED IN THE STUDY
ANNEX 3 INDICATORS OF VULNERABILITY CONSTRUCTED FROM THE SURVEY DATA
ANNEX 4 INCIDENCE RATE OF VULNERABILITY BY SUB-GROUP
ANNEX 5 SECTOR-LEVEL INFORMATION ON WHERE CONSUMERS GET INFORMATION WHEN COMPARING DEALS
ANNEX 6 DETAILED ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY AND NON-VULNERABILITY ACROSS A NUMBER OF DIMENSIONS
ANNEX 7 CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS OF VULNERABILITY
ANNEX 8 DATA ANALYSIS UNDERTAKEN TO EXAMINE THE DRIVERS OF AND FACTORS LINKED TO CONSUMER VULNERABILITY
ANNEX 9 FACTOR ANALYSIS UNDERTAKEN IN THE VALIDATION OF THE OPERATIONALISATION OF VULNERABILITY
ANNEX 10 FINDINGS FROM THE IN-DEPTH CONSUMER INTERVIEWS
ANNEX 11 INTERVIEW LIST
ANNEX 12 TASK A2 INTERVIEW GUIDE
ANNEX 13 CONSUMER QUESTIONNAIRE AND BEHAVIOURAL EXPERIMENT
Author (Corp. Body): London Economics | VVA Consulting | Ipsos Mori consortium
Contributer: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher | Europäische Kommission / Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency
Year: 2016
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: Contract n° 2013 86 05 EAHC 2013/CP/08 | 978-92-9200-703-4 | EB-01-16-075-EN-N | 978-92-9200-704-1 | EB-04-16-037-EN-N
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: energy industryEUfinancial marketconsumer protectionadvertising
Subject: European Community law in generalConsumption. Consumer protection
Countries Scheme: Europe. General ResourcesIcelandNorway
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
Bitte beachten Sie die urheberrechtlichen Bedingungen der Dokumentenbenutzung / Please observe the copyright when accessing the document | Quelle / Source: Europäische Kommission (http://ec.europa.eu/)
Title: Organisation chart : European Commission, Directorate-General Agriculture and Rural Development (16.03.2019)
Title (other): Juncker Commission
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Landwirtschaft und Ländliche Entwicklung
Year: 2019
Language: en
Ressource: Unternehmens- und Institutionenverzeichnisse
Keyword: Organizational structure
Subject: European Community institutions
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
Online Ressource: vorübergehend nicht erreichbar!
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Title: Study on consumers’ attitudes towards Terms and Conditions : (T&Cs;) ; Final report
Title (other): Study on consumers’ attitudes towards online Terms and Conditions : (T&Cs;) ; Executive Summary | Consumers’ attitudes
towards Terms and Conditions : (T&Cs;) ; Fact sheet | Terms & Conditions :Tired of ticking without checking?
Abstract
Previous research has shown that when buying products and services online, the vast majority of consumers accept Terms and Conditions (T&Cs;) without even reading them. The current research examined effects of interventions aimed at making consumers aware of the quality of such T&Cs.; This was done by 1) shortening and simplifying the T&Cs; and 2) adding a quality cue to an online store, such as the presence of a logo of a national consumer organisation accompanied by the statement “these terms and conditions are fair”. The main study consisted of three experiments and was conducted in 12 Member States with 1000 respondents in each Member State. In each experiment, consumers visited an online storeand went through all the steps of an ordering process. One of these steps was accepting the T&Cs.; Key findings are that shortening and simplifying the terms and conditions results in improved readership of the T&Cs;, a slightly better understanding of the T&Cs;, and a more positive attitude towards the T&Cs.; Moreover, adding a quality cue to an online store increases trust and purchase intentions. Which quality cue is trusted the most depends on what type of online store consumers are visiting. For domestic online stores, a quality cue by a national consumer organisation is trusted most; for foreign online stores, a quality cue by a European consumer organisation is trusted most. The patterns were similar across Member States.[Author vide copyright]
Table of Contents
7.3 Experiment 1: Increasing transparency
7.4 Experiment 2: Effortless awareness
7.5Experiment 3: Effortless awareness
8 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
APPENDIX A. DETAILED METHODOLOGIES
APPENDIX B. PRELIMINARY STUDY 1
APPENDIX C. PRELIMINARY STUDY 2
APPENDIX D. MAIN STUDY
APPENDIX E: TERMS AND CONDITIONS IN THE MAIN STUDY
APPENDIX F: COUNTRY-SPECIFIC RESULTS IN THE MAIN STUDY
| EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.1.1 Why are T&Cs; lengthy and complex?
1.1.2 Why do consumers accept T&Cs; blindly?1.2 Study purpose
1.3 Structure of the report
2 LITERATURE REVIEW: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-READERSHIP
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Causes of non-readership
2.2.1 Cost/benefit beliefs
2.2.2 Normative beliefs
2.2.3 Control beliefs
2.2.4 Other causes of non-readership
2.3 Consequences of non-readership
3 POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS: INCREASING TRANSPARENCY AND CREATING EFFORTLESS AWARENESS
3.1 Increasing transparency
3.1.1 How to increase transparency
3.1.2 Reasons why traders may (not) want to increase transparency of T&Cs;
3.2 Creating effortless awareness
3.2.1 Increasing general awareness of consumer rights
3.2.2 Increasing specific awareness of consumer rights
3.2.3 Adding quality cues on online stores as indicators of the substantive quality of terms and conditions
4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1General approach
4.2 Brief overview of the methodologies of the studies
4.2.1 Preliminary study 1
4.2.1 Preliminary study 2
4.2.3 Main study
5 PRELIMINARY STUDY 1: GENERAL AND SPECIFICAWARENESS OF CONSUMER RIGHTS
5.1 Online purchasing behaviour
5.2 Consumers’ awareness of their general rights
5.3 Alternative strategies to get informed about consumer rights and obligations
5.4 Experienced regret
6 PRELIMINARY ONLINE STUDY 2: QUALITY CUES AND CONSUMER DETRIMENT
6.1 Part 1: The use of quality cues to assess the reliability of T&Cs;
6.2Part 2: Negative consequences of not being sufficiently informed about terms and conditions
6.3 Part 3: Consumer characteristics
7 THE MAIN STUDY
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Familiarity with online stores and consumer organisations
Author: Elshout, Maartje | Elsen, Millie | Leenheer, Jorna
Contributer: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher | Ecorys | Universiteit van Tilburg | Universiteit van Amsterdam | GfK | Europäische Kommission / Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food E
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Amt für Veröffentlichungen
Year: 2016
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: Specific Contract n° 2014 85 12 | Framework Contract -EAHC/2011/CP/Ol/ECORYS | 978-92-9200-706-5 | EB-01-16-117-EN-N | 978-00-00-00000-0 | NA-AD-14-001-EN-N
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EUinternetpurchase patternsales contractconsumer educationconsumer protection
Subject: Consumption. Consumer protection
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
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Title: Milan BExpo 2015 : A behavioural study on food choices and eating habits ; Final report
Title (other): Milan BExpo 2015 : A behavioural study on food choices and eating habits ; Executive Summary | Supermarket of the future
: consumer choice and eating habits
Abstract
This behavioural study examined consumer choices in relation to food sustainability, and was carried out at the Milan Expo 2015 among EXPO visitors, by CentERdata, GFK, and Ecorys. This project examined two aspects related to consumer sustainability: consumer use of sustainability information and food waste.[Author vide copyright]
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 INTRODUCTION
2FIELD STUDY
2.1 Background
2.2 Key results
2.3 Conclusions and suggestions for future research
3 LAB EXPERIMENT 1: DATE MARKING
3.1 Background
3.2 Key results
3.3 Conclusions and suggestions for future research on date marking
4 LAB EXPERIMENT 2: IMPERFECT FRUITS & VEGETABLES
4.1 Background
4.2 Key results
4.3 Conclusions and suggestions for future research on imperfect foods and vegetables
APPENDIX 1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION
3Lab study date marks
Lab study imperfect foods
APPENDIX II: EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP AND SAMPLE SIZE
Field study
Lab study imperfect foods
APPENDIX III: QUESTIONNAIRES FIELD STUDY
APPENDIX IV: QUESTIONNAIRES LAB STUDIES
APPENDIX V: STATISTICAL AND TECHNICAL APPENDIX
Statistical and technical information field study
Statistical and technical information lab study date marks
Statistical and technical information lab study imperfect foods
Statistical and technical information post-questionnaire
APPENDIX VI: STAKEHOLDERS’ EVENT
APPENDIX V: REFERENCES
Author: Elsen, Millie | Giesen, Roxanne van | Leenheer, Jorna
Contributer: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher | Ecorys | Universiteit van Tilburg | GfK | Europäische Kommission / Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Amt für Veröffentlichungen
Year: 2015
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: 978-92-79-44120-2 | DS-04-15-693-EN-N | Specific Contract n° 2014 85 09 | 978-92-79-51999-4 | DS-02-15-694-EN-N
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: garbageEUgroceriessustainabilityfoodconsumer
Subject: Consumption. Consumer protectionFood and nutrition
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
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Title: Provision of two online consumer surveys as support and evidence base to a Commission study : Identifying the
maincross-border obstacles to the Digital Single Market and where they matter most ; Final report
Title (other): Provision of two online consumer surveys as support and evidence base to a commission study : ''Identifying the main
cross border obstacles to the Digital Single Market and where they matter most'' : Executive Summary
Abstract
The present report was based on data collected within the scope of a wider investigation that feeds into one of the Commission’s top priorities: to create a borderless Digital Single Market (DSM) across Europe. The Commission’s DSM strategy for Europe, announced on May 6, 2015, aims to provide better access to tangible and digital goods and services, to create the right environment for the development and commercial success of digital innovation, and to maximise the growth of the digital economy across the EU28. As support and evidence base, two surveys of online consumers were carried out, looking particularly into their purchase activity for 12 types of tangible goods and offline services (e.g. clothes, travel services), usage of 4 types of online services (e.g. communication services) and access to 8 types of digital content (e.g. e-books). These included a core survey (covering online consumers from all EU28, Norway and Iceland) and a clickstream survey (targeted to online respondents from Belgium and Poland only who had expressed the intention to make at least one immediate online purchase). The main objectives of the study were: 1) to examine the current state of play of cross-border e-commerce in the EU28 and 2) to identify the main drivers and barriers to the proper functioning of a DSM across the EU.[Author vide copyright]
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1Report structure
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Methodology
1.4.1 Core survey
1.4.2 Clickstream survey
1.5 Markets surveyed and description of socio-demographic categories
1.5.1 Markets surveyed
1.5.2 Socio-demographic categories: definitions2 ONLINE PURCHASE, USAGE AND ACCESS FREQUENCY ACROSS THE EU28
2.1 Tangible goods and offline services
2.2 Online services
2.3 Digital content
3 ORIGIN OF ONLINE PURCHASE AND ACCESS ACTIVITY
3.1 Tangible goods and offline services
3.2 Digital content
3.3 Origin of latest online purchase
3.4 Actual versus claimed cross-border purchase behaviour
3.5 The flow of cross-border online buying and access activity: geo-mapping analysis
4 ONLINE SPENDING
4.1 Tangible goods and offline services
4.1.1 Total spending
4.1.2 Domestic versus cross-border spending
4.1.3 Proportions of total spending on tangible goods and offline services
4.2 Online services
4.3 Digital content
4.3.1 Total spending
4.3.2 Domestic vs. cross-border spending
4.3.3 Proportions of total spending on digital content
4.4 Spending on respondents’ latest online purchase
4.5 The total estimated value of the Digital Single Market
5 LATEST PURCHASE AND ONLINE PURCHASE JOURNEY
5.1 Online and offline purchase behaviour
5.2 Online and offline purchase behaviour
5.3 Time spent on most recent online purchase
5.4 Type of product most recently purchased online
5.5 Website, appstore or app used for latest online purchase
5.5 Payment methods and shopping devices
5.6 Delivery of the product
6 DRIVERS AND BARRIERSTO (CROSS-BORDER) E-COMMERCE
6.1 General drivers of online purchase behaviour
6.2 Perceived barriers to (cross-border) e-commerce
6.2.1 Barriers to buying products online in country of residence
6.2.2 Barriers to buying products online cross-border
6.2.3 Comparison between domestic and cross-border barriers to online purchase behaviour
| 6.3 Barriers and drivers of cross-border purchase behaviour: regression analysis
6.3.1 Drivers of cross-border purchase behaviour inside and outside the EU
6.3.2 Barriers to cross-border purchase behaviour inside and outside the EU
6.3.3 Drivers and barriers of the intensity of cross-border spending –OLS regression
6.4 Consumer rights awareness and traders’ compliance
7 PROBLEMS AND COMPLAINTS
7.1 Problems encountered
7.1.1 Problems encountered per surveyed market
7.1.2 The origin of problems encountered
7.1.3 Type of problem encountered
7.2 Actions taken after encountering a problem
7.3 Satisfaction with complaint handling
8 CASE STUDY: CLICKSTREAM SURVEY IN BELGIUM AND POLAND
8.1 The origin of the online landscape in Belgium and Poland
8.1.1 Definitions and interpretation of clickstream data tables
8.1.2 Clickstream activity on e-commerce websites in Poland and Belgium
8.1.3 Origin of online touchpoints visited in Belgium
8.1.4 Origin of online touchpoints visited in Poland
8.1.5 Origin of online touchpoints: Belgium versus Poland
8.2 Online Activity in Belgium and Poland
8.2.1 Definitions of online activities or user activities
8.2.2 Online Activity (User Activity) on online touchpoints visited in Belgium
8.2.3 Online Activity (User Activity) on online touchpoints visited in Poland
8.2.4 Online Activity (User Activity) on online touchpoints: Belgium versus Poland
8.3 Online purchase behaviour in Belgium and Poland
8.3.1 Scope: Researched products and services
8.3.2 Purchase behaviour for tangible goods and offline services
8.3.3 Usage of online services
| 8.3.4 Access and purchase behaviour for digital content
8.3.5 Perception of domestic and cross-border purchase behaviour
8.3.6 Actual versus claimed cross-border purchases in Belgium and Poland
8.3.7 Drivers for domestic and cross-border online purchases
8.3.8 Search activities before the online purchase
8.3.9 Reasons for choosing a specific website to complete an online purchase
8.3.10 Problems experienced with online purchases
8.3.11 Reasons for not completing online purchases
9 CONCLUSION
10 ANNEX I –EXTENDED SURVEY METHODOLOGY
10.1 Part 1: Core Survey
10.2 Part 2: Clickstream Survey
11 ANNEX II -WEIGHTING
12 ANNEX III –RESPONDENT PROFILE
12.1 Level of urbanisation
12.2 Financial situation
12.3 Frequency of travelling abroad
12.4 Level of education
12.5 Foreign language skills
12.6 Level of internet usage
13 ANNEX IV -DATA CLEANING
14 ANNEX V -TABULATIONS
Author (Corp. Body): Europäische Kommission / Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency | GfK Belgium
Contributer: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Amt für Veröffentlichungen
Year: 2015
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: 978-92-79-50511-9 | 978-92-79-50605-5 | DS-01-15-607-EN-N | DS-01-15-590-EN-N
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: domestic marketservicedigitalizationelectronic commerceelectronic marketEUcommodity marketinformation technology
innovationonline serviceconsumerconsumer protection
Subject: Trade. Service industryMarkets. CompetitionScience and technology of information
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
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Title: Consumer market study on the functioning of the market for second-hand cars from a consumer perspective : Final Report ;
Part 1: Synthesis Report
Title (other): Consumer market study on the functioning of the market for second-hand cars from a consumer perspective : Final Report ;
Part 3: Mystery Shopping | Market study on the functioning of the marketfor second hand cars froma consumer perspective
Table of Contents
1 Executive summary

2 Introduction
2.1 Background
2.2 Research objectives
2.3 Approach
2.4Glossary
3 Issue 1: Dealers’ practices and compliance with the existing regulatory framework for selling second-hand cars
3.1 Existing regulatory framework
3.1.1 EU leve
3.1.2 National leve
3.2 Dealer practices
3.2.1 Pre-sales checks on the car
3.2.2 Information provided to the consumer
3.2.3 Car mileage check(s)
3.2.4 Guarantees
3.2.5 Sales contract
3.2.6 Disclaimers
3.2.7 Offering additional services and products
3.2.8 The role of trade associations & quality labels
3.3 Dealers’ practices and compliance with the existing regulatory framework for selling second-hand cars: Summary
4 Issue 2: Consumers and their search for a second-hand car -information sources and the decision-making process
4.1Decision-making process
4.1.1 Steps in the decision-making process
4.1.2 Reasons for buying a second-hand car
4.1.3 Reasons for choosing a specific second-hand car
4.1.4 Checks on second-hand cars
4.2 Information sources
4.2.1 Sources of information used
4.2.2 Usefulness of sources of information
4.2.3 Evaluation of internet car portals
4.2.4 Purchasing a second-hand car online
4.3 Choosing a sales channel and car trader
4.3.1 Main reasons for choosing a dealership
4.3.2 Main reason for choosing a franchise dealership
4.3.3 Main reason for choosing an independent dealership
4.3.4 Main reason for choosing an auction
4.3.5 Membership of trade associations, trustmarks/ quality labels, connection to car brand and use of disclaimers
| 4.4 Consumer confidence and knowledge
4.4.1 Consumer knowledge
4.4.2 Consumer confidence
4.4.3 Vulnerable consumers
4.5 Improving information for second-hand car consumers
4.6 Consumers and their search for a second hand car –information sources and the decision-making process: Summary
5 Issue 3: Problems, complaints, complaint handling and dispute resolution
5.1 Problems experienced by consumers
5.1.1 Types of problems experienced
5.1.2 Guarantee covering the problem
5.1.3 Time between purchase and problem
5.1.4 Cost of problems
5.1.5 Consumer detriment due to problems
5.2 Complaints
5.3 Complaint handling
5.3.1 Consumer satisfaction with complaint handling
5.4 Unfair commercial practices
5.4.1 Consumer survey insights
5.4.2 Mystery shopping insights
5.4.3 Complaints about unfair commercial practices
5.5 Out-of-court dispute resolution entities
5.6 Problems, complaints, complaint handling and disputeresolution: Summary
6 Issue 4: Market features –supply and demand structure, cross-border trade, prices
6.1 Supply and demand structure
6.1.1 The role of leasing in the second-hand car market
6.1.2 The role of insurance in the second-hand car market
6.1.3Trader type
6.1.4 Cross-border trade
6.1.5 Car brands / models
6.1.6 Fuel type
6.1.7 Car age
6.1.8 Car mileage
6.2 Second-hand car pricing
6.2.1 Price paid for the second-hand car
6.2.2 Pricing analysis
6.3 Market features –supply and demand structure, cross-border trade, prices: Summary
7 Overall Assessment
7.1 Assessment of the information and advice provided by the dealer
7.2 Consumer satisfaction post-purchase
7.3 Market performance
| 8 Conclusions & Recommendations
8.1 Dealer practices
8.1.1 Limited information about history and condition of second-hand cars
8.1.2 Odometer fraud
8.1.3 Legal and commercial guarantees
8.2 Level of consumer understanding and searching
8.3 Post-purchase experiences
8.4 Markets and prices
8.5 Focusing on vulnerable second-hand car consumers
8.6 Paths for future research
9 Appendix 1: Methodology
9.1 Task 1B: stakeholder survey
9.2 Task 2: consumer survey
9.2.1 Sample size & survey timeline
9.2.2 Sample profile & weighting
9.2.3 Questionnaire topics
9.3 Task 3: price collection
9.3.1 Sample size & timeline
9.4 Task 4: mystery shopping
9.4.1 Sample achieved & timeline
9.4.2 Questionnaire topics
10 Appendix 2: EU regulatory framework
3: Value of time (VOT) used to calculate consumer detriment
| Part 3
1 Mystery shopping methodology
1.1 Fieldwork challenges
1.2 Sample achieved & timeline
1.2.1 Car brand
1.2.2 Car age
1.2.3 Car mileage
1.3 Questionnaire topics
2 Search for a second-hand car
2.1 Information sources
2.1.1 Information sources consulted2.2 Evaluation of advert
2.2.1 Price communicated in advert
2.2.2 Photographs
2.2.3 Information about previous owner
2.2.4 Transmission
2.2.5 Full service history
2.2.6 Engine size
2.2.7 Fuel type
2.2.8 Extra information
2.2.9 Usefulness of advert consulted
2.3 Evaluation of internet car portals
2.4 Summary: search for a second-hand car
3 Dealer practices
3.1 Inspecting the car itself before the dealer
3.1.1 Differences versus the car seen in the advert
3.1.2 Disclaimers
3.1.3 Type of disclaimer603.2Information provided spontaneously by dealer623.2.1Focus on consumer rights to a legal guarantee
3.3 Prompted information
3.3.1 Focus on car mileage checks
3.4 Price and discount information
3.4.1 Price
3.4.2 Discount
3.5 Additional services and products unprompted
3.5.1 Focus on the commercial guarantee
3.5.2 Focus on extra information
3.6 Unfair commercial practices
3.7 Assessment of the information or advice provided by the dealer
3.8 Summary: dealer practices
Author (Corp. Body): GfK Belgium
Contributer: Europäische Kommission / Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher | Europäische Kommission / Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency
Publisher: Europäische Kommission / Amt für Veröffentlichungen
Year: 2014
ISBN / ISSN / Kat.Nr: 978-92-79-45691-6 | No EAHC/FWC/2013 85 01 | DS-01-15-080-EN-N | 978-92-79-45692-3 | DS-01-15-082-EN-N
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EUsecondhand merchandisecommercemotor vehicleconsumer protectionsalesman
Subject: Markets. CompetitionConsumption. Consumer protection
Countries Scheme: Europe. General Resources
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Title: Impact of information on patients’ choice within the context of the Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and
of the Council on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare : Final Report
Abstract
The Executive Agency for Consumers, Health and Food (CHAFEA), acting on behalf of the European Commission (DG SANCO) commissioned Ipsos and London Economics to undertake a study into the impact of information on patients’ choice in the context of Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and the Council on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare.The study is divided into two phases: Phase I is based on a controlled online experiment and survey undertaken in eight Member States which investigated the impact of information on respondents’ choice to seek healthcare cross-border in the EU. Phase I also included a survey of payers. In Phase II a shortened version of the Phase I experiment was implemented along with a survey that asked respondents questions about their experience on the National Contact Point websites.[Author vide copyright]
Table of Contents
Glossary
Executive summary
1 Introduction
1.1 Objective
1.2 Phase I method
1.3 Survey of citizens and doctors
1.4 Payer survey
1.5 Literature review
1.6 Behavioural experiment
1.7 Design of choice experiment
1.8 Phase II method
2 Literature review Phase I
2.1 Overview of cross-border healthcare provision
2.2 Country-level evidence
3 Payer survey Phase I
3.1 Directive 2011/24/EU and cross-border patient care
3.2 The content of National Contact Point websites
4 Consumer and doctor survey Phase I
4.1 Previous experience of cross-border medical treatment
4.2 Destination of previous cross-border travel for medical treatment
4.3 Reasons for travelling cross-border for medical treatment
4.4 Potential reasons for travelling cross-border for medical treatment
4.5 Confidence in healthcare systems
4.6 Recommendations for cross-border travel
5 Drivers of cross-border patient choice Phase I
5.1 Price
5.2 Waiting time
5.3 Trust
5.4 Language
6 National Contact Point visitor questionnaire Phase II
6.1 Reasons for visiting the National Contact Points
6.2 How easy it was to find information on the NCP websites
6.3 How helpful the information was
7 Drivers of cross-border patient choice Phase II
7.1 The effect of price on choice of cross-border healthcare
7.2 The effect of waiting time on choice of cross-border healthcare
7.3 The effect of price and waiting time
7.4 Effect of complexity of information framing on choice
8 Conclusions and recommendations
References
Annex 1 Survey of citizens and doctors Phase I
Annex 2 NCP Visitor questionnaire Phase II
Annex 3 Invitation screens NCP visitor questionnaire Phase II
Annex 4 Regression results Phase I and II
Annex 5 Confidence in national healthcare systems Phase I
Tables, Figures and Boxes
Author (Corp. Body): London Economics | Ipsos
Contributer: Europäische Kommission / Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency
Year: 2014
Language: en
Ressource: Einzelne Berichte, Studien
Keyword: EUhealth policyhealth carecross border cooperationinformation processpatient law
Subject: Medical care. Health control
Countries Scheme: Germany. General ResourcesEurope. General ResourcesDenmarkFinlandSwedenEstoniaPoland
Czech RepublicHungarySloveniaItalySpain
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