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Current Issues The Current Issues series, formerly Frankfurt Voice, treats economic and societal topics of fundamental importance. Currently, the main focus is on issues such as global growth centres, questions and problems relating to demographic developments world-wide, as well as China's and India's growing economic and political status. [Author vide Copyright]

Demographic and social changes in the European Union in the last decades have led to a significant increase in the number of single households and in women living alone. Modern welfare systems only partially respond to the needs of women living alone. Across Europe the different welfare systems have different impacts on the female condition, not only in relation to the reduction in gender gaps, but also in relation to services and provisions needed when living alone, especially as single mothers or as elderly women. This study presents the specific difficulties of women over 25 years of age living alone in the European countries, highlighting national differences in the incidence and main characteristics of women living alone, and analyses the policies adopted to support their economic and living conditions, focusing on pension and assistance schemes and providing examples of good practices and policy recommendations. [IRS – Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale]

Of all the future challenges facing labour markets in Europe, none is more certain than the demographic imbalances resulting from the lower birth cohorts after the post-war ‘baby boom’ and the continual increase in life expectancy. Indeed, this has already led to a significant shift in the age structure in practically all European countries. [...] This paper was produced as a discussion paper for the European Commission’s thematic review seminar on ‘Employment policies to promote active ageing’, which took place in Brussels on 11 June 2012.[Donald Storrie, Hans Dubois, Gijs Van Houten, John Hurley]

In 2007, five donors (European Commission, Belgium, Denmark, France and Luxembourg) decided to work together to evaluate their cooperation with Niger over the 2000-2008 period. Together, the five Donors taking part in the evaluation (DPE) accounted for more than half the Official Development Assistance (ODA) delivered to Niger over the period.Because it is a joint evaluation, specific aspects had to be taken into account: the aim was not to assess the individual performance of each DPE but to analyse the conception, implementation and effects of their joint action. Two analytical frameworks have been used to achieve this:An analysis of the implementation of the Paris Declaration Commitments, focusing on the cooperation process, and the relationship between the aid partners in particular (DPE-Government on the one hand, between DPEs on the other).The evaluation criteria of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), which help assess the collective performance of DPEs by analysing their aims, resources, achievements, results and impacts.The evaluation is structured on the basis of these two analysis frameworks. It deals with the strategic cooperation frameworks between each DPE and the Government of Niger, as well as their priorities and interventions in a selection of sectors (rural development, water and sanitation, transport, culture, craft industry, health, education and training, macroeconomic support), taking into account cross-cutting issues (regional development, environment, gender issues, demographics and youth issues). The evaluation is also based on an extensive document review, field visits to selected sites in Niger, and on a survey about the perception of development aid in Niger, led concomitantly by the Laboratory for the Study and Research on Social Dynamics and Local Development (LASDEL). [Author vide copyright]

LIST OF ACRONYMS
SUMMARY
1. MANDATE OF THE EVALUATION
1.1. A joint evaluation
1.2. Scope of evaluation1.3. Evaluation monitoring
1.4. Parallel perception survey by LASDEL
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. Strengths of the evaluation
2.2. Weaknesses of the evaluation
3. DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES IN NIGER
3.1. Geography and climate
3.1.1. A vast, land-locked country bordered by Nigeria
3.1.2. A harsh, instable and deteriorating agro-climatic context
3.2. Population and poverty
3.2.1. One of the highest population growth rates in the world
3.2.2. Chronic food insecurity
3.2.3. One of the poorest populations in the world, facing a worsening situation
3.2.4. Rural economy in permanent crisis
3.2.5. Mining products, an asset which is still not used to its full potential
3.2.6. A very low level of education
3.2.7. Less developed migration trends than in some other Sahelian countries
3.2.8. Niger belongs to a solid monetary area... Is it too solid?
3.2.9. Close economic integration with Nigeria and other coastal countries
3.2.10. Economic integration hindered by an insufficient transport network
3.3. The Nigerien State
3.3.1. The political stability experienced during the period of evaluation has recently been undermined
3.3.2. A decentralisation process which is still in its early stages and not very advanced
3.3.3. A better controlled State budget, but which still depends a lot on foreign aid
3.3.4. More formal policies
3.4. SWOT analysis
4. GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES AND DPE RESPONSES
4.1. Niger’s Poverty Reduction Strategy, a framework to adapt to development challenges
4.2. General strategies of the DPEs with Niger
4.2.1. Belgium
4.2.2. European Commission
4.2.3. France
4.2.4. Denmark
4.2.5. Luxembourg
4.3. Financial commitments of the DPEs in Niger
4.3.1. Weight of aid granted by DPEs in Niger
4.3.2. Regional distribution of aid by the DPEs in Niger
| 4.3.3. Sectoral distribution of aid by the DPEs in Niger
5. ANALYSIS
5.1. An approach based on 11 evaluation questions
5.2. Two complementary analysis frameworks
5.3. First analysis framework: Implementation of the Paris Declaration Commitments
5.3.1. Paris Declaration: implied hypotheses
5.3.2. The concept of cooperation area
5.3.3. The cooperation cycle
5.3.4. What deductions can be made regarding the Paris Declaration Commitments?
5.4. Second analysis framework: the DAC evaluation criteria
5.4.1. Relevance
5.4.2. Coherence
5.4.3. Effectiveness
5.4.4. Impact
5.4.5. Sustainability
5.4.6. Efficiency
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
| Volume II: Annexes
ANNEXE 1. TERMES DE RÉFÉRENCE
ANNEXE 2. METHODOLOGIE ET CONCEPTS
ANNEXE 3. LOGIQUES D’INTERVENTION
ANNEXE 4. LES ENJEUX DE DEVELOPPEMENT DU NIGER
ANNEXE 5. ENGAGEMENTS FINANCIERS DES DPE AU NIGER : ANALYSE SECTORIELLE ET REGIONALE
ANNEXE 6. AUTRES COOPERATIONS SIGNIFICATIVES AU NIGER
ANNEXE 7. RAPPORTS SECTORIELS
ANNEXE 8. REPONSE AUX QUESTIONS D’EVALUATION
ANNEXE 9. FOCUS GROUPS ORGANISES DANS LE CADRE DE LA MISSION DE TERRAIN
ANNEXE 10. BIBLIOGRAPHIE
ANNEXE 11. MEMBRE DE L’EQUIPE DE CONSULTANTS ET DU COMITE DE GESTION