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A study describing the development, current situation and future prospects of household services in Germany. [European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions]

A study describing the development, current situation and future prospects of household services in Austria. [European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions]

The promotion of employment in household services in the European Union is one measure to increase activity rates. While the current EU employment strategy focuses on the need to achieve and sustain higher rates of economic and employment growth, the policy approach also emphasises the importance of creating good quality jobs. A recent Foundation research project has been examining job creation in household services, looking in particular at the experiences of paid workers in this sector. Household services cover five fields: child care, eldercare, domestic cleaning, home maintenance and catering. The research addresses concerns about the quality of this employment and the working conditions, as well as highlighting the implications for equal opportunities and social inclusion. [European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions]

1. Acknowledgements
2. Executive summary
3. The project
4. Study overview
4.1 Speed of transmission and service
4.2 Transmitting and receiving agencies
4.3 Central body
4.4 Forms
4.5 Informing addressee of right to refuse to accept a document
4.6 Date of service
4.7 Cost of service
4.8 Service by post
4.9 Direct service
5 Methodology
5.1 Methodology
5.2 Survey form
6 The results
6.1 Speed of transmission and service (Articles 4 and 7)
6.2 Transmitting and receiving agencies (Article 2)
6.3 Central body (Article 3)
6.4 Forms (Articles 4,6,7,8,10, Annexe)
6.5 Informing addressee of right to refuse to accept a document (Article 8)
6.6 Date of service (Article 9)
6.7 Cost of service (Article 11)
6.8 Service by post (Article 14)
6.9 Direct service (Article 15)
6.10 General narrative comments
6.11 Sensitivity analysis
7 Statistical data concerning the transmisssion and service of documents
7.1 Methodology
7.2 Survey form
7.3 The results
8 Referencies
Annex 1: List of E-mailaddresses used in the survey
Annex 2: Full set of literal narrative comments received

Childcare is a topic of much debate in the enlarged EU due to demographic changes and an ageing population. Against this background, the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions initiated research into the EU childcare sector, focusing on out-of-school care for children of mandatory school age (five to 12 years). The research aims to fuel the current debate on modernising childcare systems across the EU, and to encourage policymakers to review existing childcare information, pinpoint gaps in services and identify support measures to develop childcare jobs.[Author vide Copyright]

The Foundation is working on sustainable childcare services currently available for school-age children in the 25 Member States of the European Union (EU25). The study aims to support the debate on modernisation of care systems in Europe, to review existing information on childcare services and pinpoint gaps in the level of service in the enlarged EU, and to identify measures at national, regional and local levels to create sustainable childcare services for school-age children. This report, on Hungary, is one of six in-depth country studies that have been conducted in order to complement the more general review of childcare systems in the EU25. [Author vide Copyright]

The Foundation is working on sustainable childcare services currently available for school-age children in the 25 Member States of the European Union (EU25). The study aims to support the debate on modernisation of care systems in Europe, to review existing information on childcare services and pinpoint gaps in the level of service in the enlarged EU, and to identify measures at national, regional and local levels to create sustainable childcare services for school-age children. This report, on the United Kingdom, is one of six in-depth country studies that have been conducted in order to complement the more general review of childcare systems in the EU25. [Author vide Copyright]

The Foundation is working on sustainable childcare services currently available for school-age children in the 25 Member States of the European Union (EU25). The study aims to support the debate on modernisation of care systems in Europe, to review existing information on childcare services and pinpoint gaps in the level of service in the enlarged EU, and to identify measures at national, regional and local levels to create sustainable childcare services for school-age children. This report, on Cyprus, is one of six in-depth country studies that have been conducted in order to complement the more general review of childcare systems in the EU25. [Author vide Copyright]

The Foundation is working on sustainable childcare services currently available for school-age children in the 25 Member States of the European Union (EU25). The study aims to support the debate on modernisation of care systems in Europe, to review existing information on childcare services and pinpoint gaps in the level of service in the enlarged EU, and to identify measures at national, regional and local levels to create sustainable childcare services for school-age children. This report, on Poland, is one of six in-depth country studies that have been conducted in order to complement the more general review of childcare systems in the EU25. [Author vide Copyright]

Part I: Sex-segregated Services
1. Introduction
Common forms of differential treatment
2. Relevant legislation
Substance
Enforcement
3. Case law
Pricing
Nightclubs and similar
Personal services
Positive measures
Other
Sex segregation
Saunas and similar
Sports
Nightclubs
Other clubs and similar
Other
4. EU action
5. Analysis
6. Conclusions
Decency
Safety etc
Counteracting stereotypes
Social segregation: an ‘asymmetric’ approach?
Using sex as a proxy for effort etc
Services with a sexual component
Differential pricing of services
Finally
Part II: National Reports
Overview
Reports from the Experts of the Member States and EEA Countries
AUSTRIA Anna Sporrer
BELGIUM Jean Jacqmain
BULGARIA Genoveva Tisheva
CYPRUS Evangelia Lia Efstratiou-Georgiades
CZECH REPUBLIC Kristina Koldinská
DENMARK Ruth Nielsen
ESTONIA Anneli Albi
FINLAND Kevät Nousiainen
FRANCE Sylvaine Laulom
GERMANY Beate Rudolf
GREECE Sophia Koukoulis-Spiliotopoulos
HUNGARY Csilla Kollonay Lehoczky
ICELAND Herdís Thorgeirsdóttir
IRELAND Frances Meenan
ITALY Simonetta Renga
LATVIA Krist?ne Dupate
LIECHTENSTEIN Nicole Mathé
LITHUANIA Tomas Davulis
LUXEMBOURG Anik Raskin
MALTA Peter Xuereb
NETHERLANDS Rikki Holtmaat
NORWAY Helga Aune
POLAND Eleonora Zieli?ska
PORTUGAL Maria Do Rosário Palma Ramalho
ROMANIA Roxana Te?iu
SLOVAKIA Zuzana Magurová
SLOVENIA Tanja Koderman Sever
SPAIN Berta Valdés
SWEDEN Ann Numhauser-Henning
UNITED KINGDOM Aileen McColgan
Annex I: Questionnaire

Members of the European Network of Legal Expertsin the Field of Gender Equality
Part I:Executive Summary
Part II:Reports from the Experts of the Member States and EEA Countries
AUSTRIA Anna Sporrer
BELGIUM Jean Jacqmain
BULGARIA Genoveva Tisheva
CYPRUS Evangelia Lia Efstratiou-Georgiades
CZECH REPUBLIC Kristina Koldinská
DENMARK Ruth Nielsen
ESTONIA Anneli Albi
FINLAND Kevät Nousiainen
FRANCE Sylvaine Laulom
GERMANY Beate Rudolf
GREECE Sophia Koukoulis-Spiliotopoulos
HUNGARY Csilla Kollonay Lehoczky
ICELAND Herdís Thorgeirsdóttir
IRELAND Frances Meenan
ITALY Simonetta Renga
LATVIA Krist?ne Dupate
LIECHTENSTEIN Nicole Mathé
LITHUANIA Tomas Davulis
LUXEMBOURG Anik Raskin
MALTA Peter Xuereb
NETHERLANDS Rikki Holtmaat
NORWAY Helga Aune
POLAND Eleonora Zieli?ska
PORTUGAL Maria Do Rosário Palma Ramalho
ROMANIA Roxana Te?iu
SLOVAKIA Zuzana Magurová
SLOVENIA Tanja Koderman Sever
SPAIN Berta Valdés
SWEDEN Ann Numhauser-Henning
UNITED KINGDOM Aileen McColgan
Annex I: Questionnaire
Annex II: Selected Bibliography

Executive Summary
Introduction
EU Proposal
International context
Structure of the report
I Domestic regulation of discrimination
1.1 Introduction
1.2 States providing protection across the material scope of Council Directive2000/43 in respect of all relevant grounds
1.3 States providing broad (but notcomprehensive) protection fromd iscrimination in relation to all the relevant grounds
1.4 States providing significant protection in relation to all or most of the relevant grounds beyond the material scope of Council Directive 2000/78
1.5 States providing uneven protection in relation to the relevant grounds
1.6 States providing limited protection in relation to the relevant grounds
1.7 Conclusion
II Approaches to “discrimination”
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definitions of discrimination
2.3 Harassment and freedom of expression
2.4 Reasonable accommodation
2.5 Positive action
III Material and personal scope
3.1 Personal Scope
3.1.1 Liability for Discrimination
3.1.2 Protection from Discrimination
3.1.3 Vicarious/ third party liability
3.2 Material Scope
IV General exceptions
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General justification defences
4.3 An alternative approach: detailed statutory exceptions
4.4 Exceptions concerned with religious autonomy
4.5 Implied exceptions to prohibitions on discrimination
4.6 Concluding remarks on exceptions
V Enforcement
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Effectiveness
5.3 Judicial enforcement: the problem of costs
5.4 Alternative means of enforcement
5.5 Remedies
Conclusion
ANNEX: The state of play across the 33 states