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PREFACE
LIST OF CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
AUSTRIA
Legal conditions
Social conditions for asylum seekers
Social conditions for refugees
Social conditions for persons under temporary protection
BELGIUM
DENMARK
FINLAND
FRANCE
GERMANY
GREECE
ICELAND
IRELAND
ITALY
LUXEMBOURG
MALTA
THE NETHERLANDS
NORWAY
PORTUGAL
SPAIN
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
UNITED KINGDOM

Es handelt sich um eine, im Auftrag der Europäischen Kommission unter dem übergreifenden Thema "Sicherung eines ausreichenden Lebensstandards für Flüchtlinge in der Europäischen Union" erstellte, Studie zu Asylrecht, Asylpolitik und Asylpraxis in Österreich. [Redaktion ViFa Recht]

1. Country Profile: Austria
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Background information on Austria
2.1. Recent developments
1.2.2. Expenditure
1.3. Organisation of Asylum Procedure
3.1. Overall organisation
1.3.2. Other organisations involved
1.4. Legal Basis
1.4.1. Main legislation
1.4.2. Recent legislative changes
1.4.3. Planned changes
1.4.4. Types of Status Granted
1.5. Arrangements Immediately Upon Arrival
1.5.1. Main procedures and arrangements
1.6. Accommodation
1.6.1. Reception Figures
1.6.2. Names and addresses of reception and accommodation centres
1.6.3. Special Treatment
1.6.4. Standard of Accommodation
1.7. Means of Subsistence
1.7.1. Rules and Practices of Means of Subsistence
1.7.2. Reasons / Principles Behind the System and Recent / Future Changes
1.7.3. Provision of Subsistence
1.8. Access to Education
1.8.1. Rules and Administrative Practices Regarding Access to Education
1.9. Access to the Labour Market
1.9.1. Rules and Practices Regarding Access to the Labour Market
1.10. Access to Health Care
1.10.1.Description of the Rules and Practices Regarding Access to Health Care
1.11. Rules on Detention and Other Restrictions in Free Movement
1.11.1.Rules and Practices
1.12. Differences in Treatment According to the Stage of the Asylum Procedure and the Type of Status Sought
1.13. Political Atmosphere Surrounding Refugees and Immigrants
1.13.1.Major Historical Changes in the Political Atmosphere
1.13.2.Political Attention and Public Opinion Today
1.13.3.Attitude Patterns and Political Groupings in the Debate
1.13.4.Attitude of the Country Concerning International Co-operation on Asylum Matters
1.13.5.Other Kinds of International Co-operation
1.14. Other Information

2. Country Profile: Belgium
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Background information on Belgium
2.2.1 Trends in the number of applicants
2.2.2 Number of asylum statuses granted
2.2.3 Main countries of origin
2.2.4 Costs
2.3. Organisation of Asylum Procedure
2.3.1 Co-ordination
2.4. Legal Basis
2.4.1. Main changes
2.5. Arrangements Immediately Upon Arrival
2.6. Accommodation
2.6.1.Special Treatment
2.6.2 Capacitiy of reception and accomodation facilities
2.6.3 Names and addresses of reception and accommodation centres
Possible changes abd development
2.7. Means of Subsistence
2.7.1. Possible changes
2.8. Access to Education
2.8.1. Possible changes
2.9. Access to the Labour Market
2.9.1. Possible changes
2.10. Access to Health Care
2.10.1.Possible changes
2.11. Rules on Detention and Other Restrictions in Free Movement
2.12. Differences in Treatment According to the Stage of the Asylum Procedure and the Type of Status Sought
2.13. Political Atmosphere Surrounding Refugees and Immigrants
2.13.1.The political debate
2.13.2.International co-operation
2.14. Other Information

3. Country Profile: Denmark
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Background information on Denmark
3.2.1 Trends in the number of applicants
3.2.2 Number of asylum statuses granted
3.2.3 Main countries of origin
3.2.4 Costs
3.3. Organisation of Asylum Procedure
3.3.1 Co-ordination
3.4. Legal Basis
3.4.1. Main changes
3.5. Arrangements Immediately upon arrival
3.6. Accommodation
3.6.1 Names and addresses of reception and accommodation centres
3.6.2 Standards and facilities in reception and accomodation centres
3.6.3. Special Treatment
3.6.4 Possible changes
3.7. Means of Subsistence
3.7.1. Possible changes
3.8. Access to Education
3.8.1. Possible changes
3.9. Access to the Labour Market
3.9.1. Possible changes
3.10. Access to health care
3.10.1. Possible changes
3.11. Rules on Detention and restrictions in free movement
3.12. Differences in treatment dependend on the stage of the asylum procedure and the type of status sought
3.13. Political atmosphere surrounding refugees and immigrants
3.13.1.The public debate
2.13.2.The political debate
3.13.3 International co-operation

4. Country Profile: Finland
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Background Statistics on Finland
4.2.1. Recent Trends
4.2.2. Expenditure
4.3. Organisation of Asylum Procedure
4.3.1. Overall Organisation
4.3.2. Main Non-governmental Organisations Involved
4.4. Legal Basis
4.4.1. Main Legislation
4.4.2. Recent Legislative Changes 4.4.3. Planned Changes
4.4.4. Types of Statuses Granted
4.5. Arrangements Immediately Upon Arrival
4.5.1. Main Procedures and Arrangements
4.6. Accommodation
4.6.1. Reception Figures
4.6.2. Names and adresses of accommodation and reception centres
Helsinki Reception Centre
4.6.3. Special Treatment
4.6.4. Standard of Accommodation
4.7. Means of Subsistence
4.7.1. Rules and Practices of Means of Subsistence
4.7.2. Reasons / Principles Behind the System and Recent / Future Changes
4.7.3. Provision of Subsistence
4.8. Access to Education
4.8.1. Rules and Administrative Practices Regarding Access to Education
4.9. Access to the Labour Market
4.9.1. Rules and Practices Regarding Access to the Labour Market
4.10. Access to Health Care
4.10.1.Description of the Rules and Practices Regarding Access to Health Care
4.11. Rules on Detention and Other Restrictions on Free Movement
4.11.1.Rules and Practices
4.12. Differences in Treatment According to the Stage of the Asylum Procedure and the Type of Status Sought
4.13. Political Atmosphere Surrounding Refugees and Immigrants
4.13.1.Major Historical Changes in the Political Atmosphere
4.13.2.Political Attention and Public Opinion Today
4.13.3.Attitude Patterns and Political Groupings in the Debate
4.13.4.Attitude of the Country Concerning International Co-operation on Asylum Matters
4.13.5.Other Kinds of International Co-operation
4.14. Other Information

5. Country Profile: France
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Background information on France
5.2.1. Development in the number of applicants
5.2.2. Number of asylum statuses granted
5.2.3. Main countries of origin
5.2.4. Costs
5.2.5. Benefits and costs
5.3. Organisation of the asylum procedure
5.3.1. Co-ordination
5.4. Legal basis
5.4.1. Main changes
5.5. Arrangements immediately upon arrival
5.6. Accommodation
5.6.1. Names and addresses of reception and accommodation centres
5.6.2. Special treatment
5.6.3. Standard and facilities of reception and accommodation centres
5.6.4. Possible changes and developments
5.7. Means of subsistence
5.8. Access to education
5.9. Access to the labour market
5.10. Access to health care
5.11. Rules on detention and other restrictions on free movement
5.12. Differences in treatment according to the stage of the asylum procedure and the type of status sought
5.13. Political atmosphere surrounding refugees and immigrants
5.13.1.The public debate
5.13.2.The political debate
5.13.3.International co-operation

6. Country Profile: Germany
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Background statistics on Germany
6.2.1. Trends in the number of applicants
6.2.2. Number of asylum statuses granted
6.2.3. Main countries of origin
6.2.4. Costs
6.3. Organisation of asylum procedure
6.3.1. Co-ordination
6.4. Legal basis
6.4.1. Recent changes
6.4.2. The latest major reform
6.4.3. Reasons for latest major reform
6.4.4. Types of status granted in Germany
6.4.5. Possible changes
6.5. Arrangements immediately upon arrival
6.5.1. Distribution of newly arrived asylum seekers through out Germany
6.5.2. Immediate treatment at reception centre
6.5.3. Accelerated procedure
6.5.4. Other procedures differing from the normal asylum procedure
6.5.5. Duration of asylum procedure
6.5.6. Summary of asylum procedure in Germany
6.6. Accommodation
6.6.1. Names and addresses of reception and accommodation centres
6.6.2. Standard and facilities of reception and accommodation centres
6.6.3. Special treatment
6.6.4. Possible changes and development
6.7. Means of subsistence
6.7.1. Social benefits during the asylum procedure
6.7.2. Summary of social benefits offered
6.7.3. Possible changes
6.8. Access to education
6.8.1. Access to primary education
6.8.2. Access to secondary education
6.8.3. Educational possibilities for adults
6.8.4. Language tuition
6.8.5. Mother tongue tuition
6.8.6. Summary of access to educational activities
6.8.7. Costs
6.8.8. Possible changes
6.9. Access to the labour market
6.9.1. Unpaid work
6.9.2. Vocational activities
6.9.3. Possible changes
6.10. Access to health care
6.10.1. Standard content of free medication and treatment
6.10.2. Special treatment for vulnerable groups
6.10.3. Responsibility for health care
6.10.4. Summary of access to health care
6.10.5. Costs
6.10.6. Possible changes
6.11. Rules concerning detention and other restrictio

7. Country Profile: Greece
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Background information on Greece
7.2.1. Trends in number of asylum applicants from 1990-1999
7.2.2. Trends in number of asylum seekers granted refugee or humanitarian status from 1990-1999
7.2.3. Changes in the country of origin of applicants and refugees
7.2.4. Costs
7.3. Organisation of asylum procedure
7.3.1. Overall organisation
7.3.2. Other organisations involved in the reception of asylum seekers
7.4. Legal basis
7.4.1. Main legislation
7.4.2. Recent legislative changes
7.4.3. Planned changes
7.4.4. Types of statuses granted
7.5. Arrangements immediately upon arrival
7.5.1. Main procedures and arrangements
7.5.2. Individuals arriving in Greece
7.5.3. Mass arrivals
7.5.4. Time frames
7.6. Accommodation
7.7. Means of subsistence
7.8. Access to education
7.9. Access to the labour market
7.10. Access to health care
7.10.1. Who has access in principle
7.10.2. Access to health care in practice
7.11. Rules on detention and other restrictions on free movement
7.12. Differences in treatment according to the stage of the asylum procedure and the type of status sought
7.13. Political atmosphere around refugees and immigrants
7.14. Other information

8. Country Profile: Ireland
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Background information on Ireland
8.2.1 Trends in the number of applicants
8.2.2. Number of asylum statuses granted
8.2.3. Main countries of origin
8.2.4. Costs
8.3. Organisation of the asylum procedure
8.4. Legal basis
8.4.1. Planned changes in the Law
8.5. Arrangements immediately upon arrival
8.6. Accommodation
8.6.1. Names and addresses of reception and accommodation centres
8.6.2. Special treatmen
8.6.3. Standard facilities of reception and accommodation
8.7. Means of subsistence
8.8. Access to education
8.9. Access to the labour market
8.10. Access to health care
8.11. Rules on detention and restrictions in free movement
8.12. Differences in Treatment According to the Stage of the Asylum Procedure and the Type of Status Sought
8.13. Political atmosphere around refugees and immigrants
8.13.1.International co-operation
8.14. Other information

9. Country Profile: Italy
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Background information on Italy
9.2.1. Trends in the number of applicants
9.2.2. Number of statuses granted
9.2.3. Main countries of origin
9.2.4. Costs
9.3. Organisation of the asylum procedure
9.3.1. Co-ordination
9.4. Legal basis
9.5. Arrangements immediately upon arrival
9.6. Accommodation
9.6.1. Names and addresses of reception and accommodation centres
9.6.2. Special treatment
9.6.3. Standard of reception and accommodation facilities
9.6.4. Possible changes and developments
9.7. Means of subsistence
9.7.1. Possible changes
9.8. Access to education
9.8.1. Possible changes
9.9. Access to the labour market
9.9.1. Possible changes
9.10. Access to health care
9.10.1. Possible changes
9.11. Rules on detention and other restrictions on free movement
9.12. Differences in treatment according to the stage of the asylum procedure and the type of status sought
9.13. Political atmosphere surrounding refugees and immigrants
9.13.1. The public debate
9.13.2. The political debate
9.13.3. International co-operation

10. Country Profile: Luxembourg
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Background information on Luxembourg
10.2.1.Development in number of applicants
10.2.2.Number of asylum statuses granted
10.2.3.Main countries of origin
10.2.4.Costs
10.3. Organisation of the asylum procedure
10.3.1.Co-ordination
10.4. Legal basis
10.4.1.Main changes
10.5. Arrangements immediately upon arrival
10.6. Accommodation
10.6.1.Names and addresses of accommodation and reception centres
10.6.2.Special treatment
10.6.3.Standard and facilities of reception and accommodation centres
10.6.4.Possible changes and developments
10.7. Means of subsistence
10.7.1.Possible changes
10.8. Access to education
10.8.1.Possible changes
10.9. Access to the labour market
10.9.1.Possible changes
10.10. Access to health care
10.10.1. Possible changes
10.11. Rules on detention and other restrictions on free movement
10.12. Differences in treatment according to the stage of the asylum procedure and the type of status sought
10.13. Political atmosphere surrounding refugees and immigrants
10.13.1. The public debate
10.13.2. The political debate
10.13.3. Co-operation
10.14. Other information

11. Country Profile: The Netherlands
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Background information on the Netherlands
11.2.1.Development in the number of applicants
11.2.2.Number of asylum statuses granted
11.2.3.Main countries of origin
11.2.4.Costs
11.3. Organisation of the asylum procedure
11.3.1.Co-ordination
11.4. Legal basis
11.4.1.Main changes
11.5. Arrangements immediately upon arrival
11.6. Accommodation
11.6.1.Names and addresses of reception and accommodation centres
11.6.2.Special treatment
11.6.3.Standard and facilities of reception and accommodation centres
11.6.4.Possible changes and developments
11.7. Means of subsistence
11.7.1.Possible changes
11.8. Access to education
11.8.1.Possible changes
11.9. Access to the labour market
11.9.1.Possible changes
11.10. Access to health care
11.10.1. Possible changes
11.11. Rules on detention and other restrictions on free movement
11.12. Differences in treatment according to the stage of the asylum procedure and the type of status sought
11.13. Political atmosphere around refugees and immigrants
11.13.1. The public debate
11.13.2. political debate
11.13.3. International co-operation
11.14. Other information

12. Country Profile: Portugal
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Background information on Portugal
12.2.1.Development in the number of applicants
12.2.2.Number of asylum statuses granted
12.2.3.Main countries of origin
12.2.4.Costs
12.3. Organisation of the asylum procedure
12.3.1.Responsibilities for the Asylum procedure
12.3.2.Co-ordination of social response
12.4. Legal basis
12.4.1.Main changes
12.4.2.Legal aspects of particular importance for social conditions
12.5. Arrangements immediately upon arrival
12.5.1.Reception of applicants for asylum
12.5.2.Reception of persons seeking temporary protection
12.5.3.Possible changes
12.5.4.The asylum application procedure 12.6. Accommodation
12.6.1.Names and addresses of reception and accommodation centres
12.6.2.Special treatment
12.6.3.Standard and facilities of reception and accommodation centres
12.6.4.Possible changes and developments
12.7. Means of subsistence
12.7.1.Possible changes
12.8. Access to education
12.8.1.Possible changes
12.9. Access to the labour market
12.9.1.Possible changes
12.10. Access to health care
12.10.1. Possible changes
12.11. Rules on detention and other restrictions in free movement
12.12. Differences in treatment according to the stage of the asylum procedure and the type of status sought
12.13. Political atmosphere around refugees and immigrants
12.13.1. The public debate
12.13.2. International co-operation
12.14. Other Information

13. Country Profile: Spain
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Background information on Spain
13.2.1.Trends in the number of applicants
13.2.2.Number of asylum statuses granted
13.2.3.Main countries of origin
13.2.4.Costs
13.3. Organisation of the asylum procedure
13.3.1.Co-ordination
13.3.2.Coordination of Social response
13.3.3.Anticipated changes
13.4. Legal basis
13.4.1.Main changes
13.5. Arrangements immediately upon arrival
13.5.1.The asylum procedure
13.6. Accommodation
13.6.1.Names and addresses of reception and accommodation centres
13.6.2.Special treatment
13.6.3.Standard and facilities of reception and accommodation centres
13.6.4.Anticipated changes
13.7. Means of subsistence
13.8. Access to education
13.8.1.Possible changes
13.9. Access to the labour market
13.9.1.Possible changes
13.10. Access to health care
13.10.1. Possible changes
13.11. Rules on detention and other restrictions on free movement
13.11.1. Possible changes
13.12. Differences in treatment according to the stage of the asylum procedure and the type of status sought
13.13. Political atmosphere surrounding refugees and immigrants
13.13.1. The public and political debate
13.13.2. The political debate
13.13.3. Relationship to EU policies
13.13.4. International co-operation
13.14. Other information

14. Country Profile: Sweden
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Background information on Sweden
14.2.1.Trends in the number of applicants
14.2.2.Number of asylum statuses granted
14.2.3.Main countries of origin
14.2.4.Types of statuses granted
14.2.5.Costs
14.3. Organisation of the asylum procedure
14.3.1.Co-ordination
14.4. Legal basis
14.4.1.Main Changes
14.4.2.Anticipated Changes
14.5. Arrangements immediately upon arrival
14.6. Accommodation
Names and addresses of reception and accommodation centres
Special treatment
Standard and facilities of reception and accommodation centres
14.7. Means of subsistence
14.8. Access to education
14.8.1.Anticipated changes
14.9. Access to the labour market
14.10. Access to health care
14.11. Rules on detention and restrictions on free movement
14.12. Differences in treatment according to the stage of the asylum procedure and the type of status sought
14.13. Political atmosphere surrounding refugees and immigrants
14.13.1. The public debate
14.13.2. The political debate
14.13.3. International cooperation

15. Country Profile: United Kingdom
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Background information on the United Kingdom
15.2.1.Type of statuses:
15.2.2.Trends in the number of applicants
15.2.3.Number of asylum statuses granted
15.2.4.Main countries of origin
15.2.5.Costs
15.3. Organisation of the asylum procedure
15.3.1.Co-operation between the bodies involved
15.4. Legal basis
15.4.1.Main changes
15.5. Arrangements immediately upon arrival
15.6. Accommodation
15.6.1.Special treatment
15.6.2.Standard and facilities of accommodation
15.6.3.Possible changes and developments
15.7. Means of subsistence
15.7.1.Developments
15.8. Access to education
15.9. Access to the labour market
15.10. Access to health care
15.11. Rules on detention and other restrictions on free movement
15.12. Differences in treatment according to the stage of the asylum procedure and the type of status sought
15.13. Political atmosphere surrounding refugees and immigrants
15.13.1. The public debate
15.13.2. The political debate
15.13.3. International co-operation

This project aims to build upon on the findings of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM) Report on the Situation of Roma and Sinti in the OSCE Area (April 2000). Specifically, the inadequacy of available information relating to this self-evidently important subject merited a substantial study and report with a policy orientation. As such, the project sought to reveal and understand better the situation of Romani women with regard to the vital subject of health care, to examine it in terms of applicable standards and the genuine needs of the population, and to draw appropriate conclusions and to propose practical recommendations. The project thus sought to stimulate the interest and action of others, especially governments, and to contribute momentum to a nascent European-wide movement of Romani women for their own empowerment as free and responsible citizens. [Author vide copyright]

A. Introduction
B. Legal standards
C. The importance of ethnic data collection to improving access to health care
A. Discrimination against Roma in access to health care
B. Improving access to health care for Romani women
A. Access to documented legal status
B. Access to social benefits and health
C. Access to education and health
D. Access to adequate housing and health
A. Health and government strategies to improve the situation of Roma
B. Improving access to health care through greater familiarity with Romani culture
C. Improving access to health care through Romani health mediators
D. The potential of intergovernmental initiatives to improve access to health care for Romani women
Recommendations

This paper aims to give a flavour of the latest developments across Europe and inform policy makers of topical issues. It will present measures taken in response to the recession (both employment market measures and financial stimulus packages), outline the extent of social partner involvement, and the actions taken so far by the social partners. According to the European Commission, there is still room for policy learning across Member States (European Commission, 2009c p. 42). The material for this report has been gathered mainly from Eurofound’s European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO) and from its European restructuring monitor (ERM), and is supplemented by findings from desk research.[Eurofound]