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This report has been drafted for the European Network of Legal Experts in the nondiscrimination field (on the grounds of Race or Ethnic origin, Age, Disability, Religion or belief and Sexual Orientation) and it has been drafted as part of a study into measures to combat discrimination in the EU Member States, funded by the European Community Action Programme to combat discrimination. This report refers to UK. [Author vide copyright]

Introduction
1.General legal framework
2.The definition of discrimination
3.Personal and material scope
4.Exceptions
5.Positive action
6.Remedies and enforcement
7.Specialised bodies
8.Implementation issues

Executive summary
Introduction
I. North America: The origins of the concept of reasonable accommodation
1. United States law
2. Canadian law
II. Council of Europe
1. Religion and belief: the back and forth of the European Court of Human Rights
2. Ethnicity: The Roma as vulnerable group
3. A case-by-case approach
III. European Union
1. A reasonable accommodation duty focused on disability
2. Disability-related "special" characteristics
3. The response of the indirect discrimination device
4. The logic of accommodation is not a new legal phenomenon
IV. Memberstates
1. Religion and belief
1.1 Time off for religious festivals and flexible working hours
1.2 Dietary requirements and slaughtering of animals
1.3 Accommodation of employment or vocational training requirements
1.4 Religious symbols and dress codes
1.5 Other cases
2. Race and ethnic origin
3. Age: Special duties to accommodate young and/or older workers
Conclusion
Bibliography
I. Publications
II. Legislation
III. Case-law

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Opening High-Level Ministerial Session
Workshops
Workshop 1 – Preventing radicalisation to violent extremism – special focus on prisons
Workshop 2 – On the role and challenges for criminal justice practitioners when dealing with radicalised violent extremists
Closing session
REPORT
Opening speeches
Ministerial Panel
Workshops
Workshop 1 – Preventing radicalisation leading to violent extremism – special focus on prisons
Panel 1 – How can our prisons deal with radicalised or extremist prisoners?
Panel 2 – Experience from de-radicalisation programmes in prisons and the role of religious counselling
Workshop 2 – The role and challenges for criminal justice practitioners when dealing with radicalised and violent extremists
Panel 1 – The role of the judiciary in disengagement, rehabilitation and de-radicalisation - discussion among judges and prosecutors
Panel 2 – How to develop rehabilitation programmes to be used in criminal proceedings?
Closing session
Reports from the Workshops: Inspiring practices in EU Member States
Closing remarks

Over 10 years ago a major and unprecedented evolution occurred in the European Union with the adoption in 2000 of two pieces of EU legislation in the field of anti-discrimination: the Racial Equality Directive (2000/43/EC) and the Employment Equality Directive (2000/78/EC). The transposition and implementation of these legal provisions into the national legal systems of the 28 Member States is described in a series of annually updated country reports produced by the European Network of Legal Experts in the Non-discrimination Field. In addition, the Network also includes candidate countries (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Iceland and Turkey) and, since 2012, EEA countries (Liechtenstein and Norway). The Network annually reports on their national legislation compared with the anti-discrimination standards set by the EU. This Network was established and is managed by the Human European Consultancy and the Migration Policy Group. The national reports are written by independent national experts in each country covered by the Network. The information is provided in response to questions set out in a template format which closely follows the provisions of the two Directives, although all countries included in the Network do not have the same compliance obligations. The 33 reports cover national law, the establishment of enforcement mechanisms, jurisprudence and the adoption of other measures. They contain information current as of 1 January 2014. As such, they are a valuable source of information on national anti-discrimination law and can be found on the Network’s website at: www.non-discrimination.net. This Comparative Analysis, drafted by Isabelle Chopin and Catharina Germaine (Migration Policy Group), compares and analyses the information set out in the 2013 country reports in a format mirroring that of the country reports themselves and draws some conclusions from the information contained in them. [Author vide copyright]

Preface
Introduction
1 Protected grounds of discrimination
A. Introduction to the transposition of the anti-discrimination Directives
B. Which grounds are covered?...
D.Religion or belief
Specific provisions on ... – ethos-based organisations
E.Disability
Specific provisions on disability – the reasonable accommodation duty
...
... disability – health and safety
F.Sexual orientation
G.Age
... age
H.Assumed and associated discrimination
I.Multiple discrimination
2 Definitions and scope
A. Direct discrimination
...
B. Indirect discrimination
...
C. Harassment
...
D. Instructions to discriminate...
E. Personal scope
F. Material scope
Employment
Social protection
Social advantages
Education
Access to and supply of goods and services3 Exceptions to the principle of equal treatment and positive action
A. Genuine and determining occupational requirements
B. Armed forces and other specific occupations
C. Nationality
...
D. Family benefits
E. Public security, public order, criminal offences, protection of health, and protection of the rights and freedoms of others
F. Other exceptions
G. Positive action
...
4 Access to justice and effective enforcement
A. Judicial and administrative procedures
Legal action in the private sector
... public sector
Obstacles to effective access to justice
B. Legal standing and associations
Entities which may engage in procedures
...
To engage ‘on behalf of’
Collective redress
Legitimate interest
C. Burden of proof
D. Victimisation
...
E. Sanctions and remediesA. Grounds covered
...
B. Competencies of equality bodies
6 Implementation and compliance
A. Dissemination of information and social and civil dialogue
... and awareness-raising
...
Dissemination of information and wareness-raising
...
B. Ensuring compliance
Conclusion