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The EU has embarked on an ambitious project of cooperation with third countries regarding policies of justice and home affairs. The European Commission has produced a Communication on the subject, the Council has published a Strategy and the two institutions together with some Member States have produced policy documents for the furtherance of the project with third countries specifically with Afghanistan, the Western Balkans, the Russian Federation and the USA. This briefing paper outlines the key elements in the documents which engage border control and the fight against organised crime. It then examines those elements in light of the relevant human rights obligations of the Member States under the European Convention on Human Rights in particular. It concludes that, so far, the centrality of human rights in the activities of the EU in border control and the fight against organised crime with third countries has not been made out. Even the references to human rights in the documents are limited, in some cases non-existent. The implementation of human rights standards in the action plans is seriously underdeveloped and requires urgent action if the Member States are to fulfil their obligations in international human rights law.[European Parliament]

This ad hoc briefing paper offers an up to date account of the implications of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) in justice and home affairs. It does so in three ways: First, it provides a comprehensive presentation of the provisions on common management of borders, control of illegal migration and visa policy. Second, the paper discusses the content and effects of EU policies and tools as they related to border controls. Third, and finally, the paper weights the power of the European Parliament in the fields discussed, by focusing on readmission agreements. Each chapter offers a set of policy recommendations.[European Parliament] | Ce briefing paper ad hoc offre un résumé actualisé des implications de la politique européenne de voisinage (PEV) dans le domaine de la justice et des affaires intérieures. Et ce de trois manières : premièrement, il fournit une présentation détaillée des dispositions relatives à la gestion des frontières communes, au contrôle de limmigration illégale et à la politique des visas. Deuxièmement, le document examine le contenu et les effets des politiques et outils de lUE lorsquils concernent les contrôles aux frontières. Troisièmement, et finalement, le document pèse le pouvoir du Parlement européen dans les domaines examinés, en saxant sur les accords de réadmission. Chaque chapitre présente une série de recommandations politiques.[ Parlement européen]

This briefing paper will focus in particular upon: the concept and architecture of the Entry/Exit system and how it could be embedded in the current EU framework; what would be if any the synergies with the other databases, especially VIS; and the similarities and differences with the US-VISIT system. an analysis of the two other measures proposed by the Commission (bona fide traveller and Electronic System of Travel Authorisation (ESTA) and comparative approaches the potential added value of these envisaged measures. [European Parliament]

On 13 February 2008, the European Commission tabled a border package, consisting of three communications1. dealing with the issue of EU external border management. Two of these documents, namely the communication on the evaluation and future development of Frontex2. and the communication on the creation of a European border surveillance system (Eurosur)3. propose significant evolutions with regard the role of the Frontex agency and the orientations of the EU integrated border management (IBM) concept. The evaluation of Frontex elaborated by the Commission services is timely: since the beginning of its operational phase in 2005, the agency has considerably developed its activities in all its domains of competence, and the EC subsidy to its budget has more than tripled over the period 2006-2008. The evaluation, however, falls short of critically assessing the consistence of Frontex activities with the fundamental values upheld by the EU. In this regard, it seems important to recall that Frontex is a first-pillar, Community body, which should not only respect the EU fundamental values in its activities, but also work for their promotion, particularly in a field which touches upon critical questions related to migration and freedom of movement.[European Parliament]

Contents
List of abbreviations
Glossary on Integrated Border Management
Introduction
PART I . The concept of integrated border management
I. 1. A variety of actors: a common goal
I. 2. The European Union and integrated border management in the Western Balkans
I. 3. The three pillars of the integrated border management concept
I.3.1. Intra-service cooperation
I.3.2. Inter-agency cooperation
I.3.3. International cooperation
PART II . Main agencies in the field of integrated border management
II. 1. Border guards
II. 2. Customs
II. 3. Phytosanitary inspection
II. 4. Veterinary inspection
II. 5. Other actors
PART III . The concept of integrated border management: cooperation and coordination in practice
III. 1. Intra-service cooperation
III.1.1. Legal and regulatory framework
III. 1. 1. 1 Border guards
III. 1. 1. 2 Customs
III. 1. 1. 3 Phytosanitary inspection
III. 1. 1. 4 Veterinary inspection
III.1.2. Institutional framework
III. 1. 2. 1 Overall border and inland control policy and strategy
III. 1. 2. 2 Border control operational instructions
III. 1. 2. 3 Operational plans
III. 1. 2. 4 Mobile units
III. 1. 2. 5 Border guards
III. 1. 2. 6 Customs
III. 1. 2. 7 Phytosanitary inspection
III. 1. 2. 8 Veterinary inspection
III.1.3. Procedures
III. 1. 3. 1 Border guards
III. 1. 3. 2 Customs
III. 1. 3. 3 Phytosanitary inspection
III. 1. 3. 4 Veterinary inspection
III.1.4. Human resources and training
III. 1. 4. 1 Border guards
III. 1. 4. 2 Customs
III. 1. 4. 3 Phytosanitary and veterinary inspection
III.1.5. Communication and information exchange
III. 1. 5. 1 Central analysis unit
III. 1. 5. 2 Border guards
III. 1. 5. 3 Customs
III. 1. 5. 4 Phytosanitary inspection
III. 1. 5. 5 Veterinary inspection
III.1.6. Infrastructure and equipment
III. 2. Inter-agency cooperation
III.2.1. Legal and regulatory framework
III. 2. 1. 1

This document presents the results of the Study on the powers of border officers carried out by Unisys for the Directorate General Justice, Freedom and Security of the European Commission. This study has for objective to assess the situation in the 25 EU Member States, Norway, Iceland and Switzerland with respect to the possibility of conferring executive powers on border officers invited to operate at the external EU borders of another state or in the context of joint return enforcement. From there it draws suggestions for possible actions to increase the level of involvement of guest officers to contribute to an integrated management of the external borders.Basic information for this study has been collected through desktop research, face to face interviews with the competent authorities of the 28 involved States and contributions from experts involved in the project, as well as representatives from the European Agency for the management of the external borders (FRONTEX). It was conducted under the supervision of and in coordination with DG JLS.[Author vide copyright]

1 Management Summary
1.1 Study Objectives
1.2 Border Management
1.3 Common EU legal basis and strategy
1.4 Common instruments
1.5 Approved Action plan, still to apply
1.6 Study Findings
1.7 Need for improvement
1.8 Recommendations
2 Introduction to the study
2.1 Description of the study and main objectives
2.2 Context of the study
2.3 Study methodology
3 Powers of border guards
33.1 Section summary
3.2 Chain of prerogatives
3.3 Border control services
3.4 Executive powers per country
4 Operations in other countries
4.1 Section summary
4.2 Border control and return
4.3 Other examples of cooperation
5 Comparative analysis of legal rules
5.1 Section summary
5.2 German approach
5.3 Requirement of international agreement
5.4 Pros and cons
5.5 Analysis per specific executive power
6 Assessment of requirements and barriers
6.1 Section summary
6.2 Synoptic table
6.3 Typology of legal requirements
6.4 Requirement of nationality
6.5 Language requirement
6.6 Constitutional Conferment of executive powers
6.7 Specific provisions concerning the exercise of executive powers by national officers abroad
6.8 Other requirements
6.9 Legal analysis within the Community context
7 Need for improvement
7.1 Section summary
7.2 Need for a legal basis
7.3 Solidarity vs Subsidiarity
7.4 Recommendations
8 Conclusions
9 Bibliography
10 Annexes
10.1 CD-ROM
10.2 Study framework and methodology
10.3 Overview of main border control services per country
10.4 Border Control cooperation between the US and Canada
10.5 Glossary
10.6 Table of Acronyms
10.7 Table on Public Authority Tasks
10.8 Overview of agreements

The final report presents the results of the study on the feasibility of the creation of a European System of Border Guards to control the external borders of the Union carried out by Unisys for the Directorate General Home Affairs of the European Commission. The purpose of the study was to identify three models of what a European System of Border Guards could be composed of, when assessing the expert views in EU Member States, Schengen Associated Member States and at the EU level. After a thorough evaluation of the existing challenges and future opportunities, different options were proposed for improved cooperation at the external borders of the EU, including the increased role of the Frontex Agency. [Author vide copyright]

1 Executive summary
2 Introduction
2.1 Study context and objective
2.2 Methodology
2.2.1 Desktop research
2.2.2 Use of the questionnaires
2.2.3 Visits and interviews
2.2.4 Consolidation and analysis
2.3 Contextual issues
3 Progress made
3.1 Existing instruments
3.1.1 IBM Strategy
3.1.2 Revised Schengen Borders Code
3.1.3 Frontex mandate
3.1.4 Eurosur
3.1.5 New Schengen Evaluation Mechanism
3.2 Measures under way
3.2.1 Smart Border package implementation
3.2.2 Financial framework for border financing 2014-2020
4 Opportunities identified with regard to ESBG
4.1 Member States’ views
4.2 Frontex feedback
4.3 European Parliament’s position
5 Recommendations
5.1 Why a phased approach?
5.2 Proposed Models
5.2.1 Model 1 –Optimal use of existing instruments
5.2.2 Model 2 – Shared responsibility
5.2.3 Model 3 - Full integration at EU level
5.3 Comparison of the three models
5.4 Cost and benefits analysis
5.4.1 General considerations
5.4.2 Procurement of equipment and services
5.4.3 Centralisation of structures and activities
5.5 Roadmap for Implementation
6 Annexes
...
Table of Figures
...
Table of Tables
...

Welcome letter by Dimitris Avramopoulos
Meeting Europe’s diverse societal challenges
Who we are, what we do: how Security Research functions
Supporting the EU’s home affairs goals
Making Europe’s critical infrastructure networks stronger
Using Security Research to improve the control of Europe’s borders
Reinforcing crisis management & disaster response
Boosting the EU’s competitiveness
Security Research support for the EU’s external policies
Security Research: embedded in ethics
Securing the Future

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objective
1.2 Scope
2. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH
2.1. Overall approach
2.2. Analysis criteria
2.3. Options analysis
2.4. Basic assumptions
2.5. Relevant sources of law
3. EES AND RTP - BORDER CONTROL PROCESSES
3.1. ...
4. USE OF BIOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS
4.1. ...
5. DATA
5.1. ...
6. ARCHITECTURE
6.1. ...
7. STATISTICS AND FORECASTS
7.1. ...
8. CONCLUSIONS
8.1. ...
9. OPTIONS FOR THE PILOT
APPENDIX A. - APPENDIX K...

This Final Report presents the outcome of the Thematic global evaluation of European Union support to Integrated Border Management and fight against Organised Crime. The evaluation was commissioned by the DG DEVCO Evaluation Unit and implemented between 2011 and early 2013. The purpose of the evaluation is to assess to what extent EU development assistance in the area of Integrated Border Management and fight against Organised Crime (IBM and OC) was relevant, effective, efficient and sustainable in providing expected impacts, along with EU added value. It also aims to analyse co-ordination and complementarity with other donors and actors, the coherence with relevant EU policies and partner governments’ priorities and activities as well as with international commitments in IBM and OC. The evaluation covers EU aid delivery over the period 2002-2010.The geographical scope of the evaluation covers all regions where EU co-operation was implemented, including the Enlargement countries, as these interventions are expected to provide interesting lessons for other regions.[Author vide copyright]

Executive Summary
1 Introduction
1.1 Objectives, scope and coverage of the evaluation
1.2 Definitional framework
2 Methodology
2.1 Overall approach and key elements of the methodology
2.2 Data collection and analysis
2.3 Sampling of cases
2.4 Challenges and limitations
3 Background and context of EU support to IBM and OC
3.1 The concept of IBM
3.2 EU key reference documents and policy framework
3.3 Inventory of EU support to IBM and OC
3.4 The intervention logic
4 Answers to the Evaluation Questions
4.1 EQ 1 on EU policy framework
4.2 EQ 2 on 3Cs
4.3 EQ 3 on aid delivery methods
4.4 EQ 4 on legal, regulatory and institutional framework
4.5 EQ 5 on border co-operation
4.6 EQ 6 on security and the threat of organised crime
4.7 EQ 7 on flow of persons and management of migration
4.8 EQ 8 on flow of legitimate goods and improved revenue collection
4.9 Overall assessment of the EU support
5 Conclusions and recommendations
5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Recommendations
List of tables
List of figures
List of boxes
List of acronyms and abbreviations
| VOLUME II: DETAILED INFORMATION MATRIX
1. EQ1- Policy Framework
2. EQ2- 3Cs
3. EQ3- Aid delivery methods
4. EQ4- Legal and regulatory framework
5. EQ5- Border co-operation
6. EQ6- Security and threat of crime
7. EQ7- Flow of persons and management of migration
8. EQ8- Flow of legitimate goods and revenue collection
VOLUME IIIA: ANNEX 1 TO 9 - TOR, EVALUATION MATRIX AND OUTPUTS OF DESK PHASE ACTIVITIES
1. Annex 1: Terms of Reference
2. Annex 2: Final Evaluation Matrix
3. Annex 3: Inventory
4. Annex 4: CSP analysis
5. Annex 5: RSP analysis
6. Annex 6: Results of Survey to EU Delegations
7. Annex 7: ROM analysis
8. Annex 8: List of People Interviewed
9. Annex 9: List of documents and sources of information
Minutes
1 Introduction
2 Welcoming speech by Mr Martyn Pennington, Head of DG DEVCO Evaluation Unit
3 Part I and Part II: Introduction and key findings
4 Part III: Main conclusions and recommendations

1. Introduction
2. The SecAG Process for 2011/2012
3. Work Programme 2013
4. Reflections on the first four Work Programmes Calls
5. Conclusion
Appendix 1: Enhancing end-user engagement
Appendix 2: Summary of FP7 Security Research Workshops

The evaluation covered EU regional-level support to Central Asia (CA) in the period 2007-2014. Based on the Terms of Reference, the following were assessed: Relevance and coherence of EU’s co-operation strategy and programmes; Impact, sustainability, effectiveness and efficiency of EU support;Consistency between programming and implementation; Value added of EU’s interventions.The evaluation covered four local sectors, namely environment, border management, Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) development, and higher education. In addition, the evaluation considered the co-ordination and complementarity of the EU’s regional-level interventions with EU’s bilateral interventions in the five CA countries as well as other donors’ regional-level interventions, and the coherence between the EU’s interventions and overarching EU policies.[Author vide copyright]

Executive Summary
1 Introduction
2 Background and context of regional-level EU support to Asia
2.1 Context
2.2 EU development co-operation rationale with Central Asia
3 Key methodological elements
3.1 Key methodological elements
3.2 Data collection and analysis
3.3 Country coverage
3.4 Challenges and limitations
4 Answers to the evaluation questions
4.1 EQ 1 on strategic orientation
4.2 EQ 2 on dialogue
4.3 EQ 3 on the regional dimension and complementarity
4.4 EQ 4 on environment
4.5 EQ 5 on border management
4.6 EQ 6 on SME development
4.7 EQ 7 on higher education
5 Conclusions
5.1 Relevance and appropriateness of strategic and programmatic approach
5.2 Outcomes and sustainability
6 Recommendations
6.1 Regional and strategic orientation
6.2 Implementation and results
| 4.3 JC 43 Extent to which EU support has contributed to developing the capacity of environment and water institutions and stakeholders to engage in transboundary management
5 EQ 5 on border management
5.1 JC 51 Extent to which EU support contributed to legal and institutional reforms of border services
...
5.2 JC 52 Extent to which EU support has contributed to open but well-controlled borders
...
5.3 JC 53 Extent to which EU support improved co-operation at and across borders
...
6 EQ 6 on SME development
6.1 JC 61 Extent to which EU support has contributed to improved regulatory andlegislative frameworks for the SME sector
...
6.2 JC 62 Extent to which EU support has contributed to improved SME access to finance options in the region
...
6.3 JC 63 Extent to which EU support has contributed to improved legal and business advisory support service (BIO) environment for SMEs
...
7 EQ 7 on higher education
7.1 JC 71 Extent to which EU support has contributed to enhanced HE governance and management capacities across CA in line with EU standards
7.2 JC 72 Extent to which EU support has contributed to reformed HE provision across CA in terms of academic teaching, learning, assessment and/or study programmes
...
7.3 JC 73 Extent to which EU support has contributed to strengthened regional co-operation in HE
...
| Volume 2
1 EQ 1 on strategic orientation
1.1 JC 11 Extent to which the regional programme for assistance to CA has responded to the priorities of governments in CA and to the needs in the region
...
1.2 JC 12 Extent to which the regional programme for assistance to CA has been consistent with the overall EU policy framework for assistance to third countries
...
1.3 JC 13 Extent to which the regional programme for assistance to CA has been adjusted reflecting a changing context and lessons learnt
...
1.4 JC 14 Extent to which EU support has promoted the integration of risk and resilience considerations in regional environmental co-operation
...
2 EQ 2 on dialogue
2.1 JC 21 Extent to which regional interventions have leveraged EU - CA policy dialogue
...
2.2 JC 22 Extent to which regional policy dialogue has enhanced the implementation of regional interventions
...
3 EQ 3 on the regional dimension and complementarity
3.1 JC 31 Extent to which regional level components of the regional programme for support have complemented and reinforced the bilateral components of EU’s support for CA
3.2 JC 32 Extent to which regional-level interventions have been designed and implemented so as to maximise the value added stemming from a regional, transboundary or cross-border approach
...
3.3 JC 33 Extent to which regional-level interventions have been designed and implemented in coherence with interventions of other EU DGs
...
3.4 JC 34 Regional-level interventions complemented and added value to the regional interventions of EU Member States and other donors
...
4 EQ 4 on environment
4.1 JC 41 Extent to which EU policy dialogue and technical support have fosteredregional cooperation on transboundary environmental issues
...
4.2 JC 42 Extent to which EU support has contributed to enhancing the knowledge base on transboundary water and biodiversity issues in CA
...
| Volume 3
1 MANDATE AND OBJECTIVES
2 EVALUATION RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE
3 BACKGROUND
4 SCOPE
4.1 Legal, temporal and thematic scope
4.1.1 Legal scope
4.1.2 Temporal scope
4.1.3 Thematic scope
5 EVALUATION CRITERIA
6 RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE EVALUATION
7 PROCESS AND DELIVERABLES
7.1 Desk phase
7.1.1 Inception meeting
7.1.2 Inception report
7.1.3 Desk report
7.2 Field phase
7.3 Synthesis and dissemination phases
7.3.1 Draft final report
7.3.2 Seminar
7.3.3 Final report
7.3.4 Dissemination
8 EVALUATION TEAM
9 TIMING
10 OFFER FOR THE ASSIGNEMENT
11 TECHNICAL OFFERS EVALUATION CRITERIA
12 ANNEXES
ANNEX 1: INDICATIVE DOCUMENTATION TO BE CONSULTED FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE EVALUATION BY THE SELECTED CONTRACTOR
ANNEX 2: OVERALL STRUCTURE OF THE FINAL REPORT
ANNEX 3 : QUALITY ASSESSMENT GRID
ANNEX 4 : TIMING
ANNEX 5: EVALUATION CRITERIA AND KEY ISSUES
ANNEX 6: PRINCIPLES REGARDING THE DRAFTING OF EVALUATION QUESTIONS

INTRODUCTION
PART 1. MAIN OUTPUTS FOR THE YEAR
1. Towards a new policy on migration
1.1. Reduce incentives for irregular migration
1.2. Effective border management: Save lives and secure EU external border
1.3. Enhanced protection and solidarity
1.4. A new policy on legal migration to address skill shortages in the EU and enhance effective integration
2. An area of justice and fundamental rights based on mutual trust
2.1. A strong EU response to tackling terrorism and preventing radicalisation
2.2. Disrupt organised crime
2.3. An effective response to cybercrime
3. A Union of democratic change
3.1. Enhance citizens' understanding of the Union, its history and diversity, foster European citizenship and improve conditions for civic and democratic participation at Union level
4. A Deeper and Fairer Internal Market with a Strengthened Industrial Base
PART 2. MAIN ORGANISATIONAL MANAGEMENT OUTPUTS FOR THE YEAR
a. Human resource management
b. Financial Management: Internal control and Risk management
c. Better Regulation
d. Information management aspects
e. External communication activities
f. Examples of initiatives to improve economy and efficiency of financial and non-financial activities of the DG

INTRODUCTION
PART 1. MAIN OUTPUTS FOR THE YEAR
TOWARDS A NEW POLICY ON MIGRATION
1.1. REDUCE INCENTIVES FOR IRREGULAR MIGRATION
1.2. EFFECTIVE BORDER MANAGEMENT: SAVE LIVES AND SECURE EU EXTERNAL BORDER
1.3. ENHANCED PROTECTION AND SOLIDARITY
1.4. A NEW POLICY ON LEGAL MIGRATION TO ADDRESS SKILL SHORTAGES IN THE EU AND ENHANCE EFFECTIVE INTEGRATION
2. AN AREA OF JUSTICE AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS BASED ON MUTUAL TRUST
2.1. A STRONG EU RESPONSET TO TACKLING TERRORISM AND PREVENTING RADICALISATION
2.2. DISRUPT ORGANISED CRIME
2.3. AN EFFECTIVE RESPONSE TO CYBERCRIME
3. A UNION OF DEMOCRATIC CHANGE
3.1. ENHANCE CITIZENS' UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNION, ITS HISTORY AND DIVERSITY, FOSTER EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP AND IMPROVE CONDITIONS FOR CIVIC AND DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPATION AT UNION LEVEL
4. A DEEPER AND FAIRER INTERNAL MARKET WITH A STRENGTHENED INDUSTRIAL BASE
PART 2. MAIN ORGANISATIONAL MANAGEMENT OUTPUTS FOR THE YEAR
A. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
B. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT: INTERNAL CONTROL AND RISK MANAGEMENT
C. BETTER REGULATION
D. INFORMATION MANAGEMENT ASPECTS
E. EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES
F. EXAMPLE(S) OF INITIATIVES TO IMPROVE ECONOMY AND EFFICIENCY OF FINANCIAL AND NON-FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES OF THE DG

PART 1. Overview of main outputs for the year
1 Towards a new policy on migration
2. An area of justice and fundamental rights based on mutual trust
3. A Union of democratic change
4. A Deeper and Fairer Internal Market with a Strengthened Industrial Base
PART 2. Organisational management outputs for the year
1 Presentation of main outputs for organisational management
A. Human Resource Management
B. Financial Management: Internal control and Risk management
C. Better Regulation
D. Information management aspects
E. External communication activities
2 Initiatives to improve economy and efficiency of financial and non-financial activities
Annexes to the Management Plan
Annex 1 Performance tables

PART 1. MISSION STATEMENT
PART 2. THIS YEAR'S CHALLENGES
PART 3. GENERAL OBJECTIVES
PART 4. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES FOR OPERATIONAL ABB ACTIVITIES
Security and safeguarding liberties
Asylum and Migration
External dimension of home affairs
Fostering European citizenship
Horizon 2020
PART 5.SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES FOR HORIZONTAL ACTIVITIES
Policy strategy and coordination
Administrative support for DG HOME
Specific efforts to improve economy and efficiency of financial and non-financial activities
LIST OF ANNEXES
ANNEX 1. PLANNING OF STUDIES (EVALUATIONS AND OTHER STUDIES)
ANNEX 2. COMMUNICATION STRATEGY