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European marine regions include the north-east Atlantic and Arctic oceans, and the Mediterranean, Black and Baltic seas. Human activities — such as fishing, aquaculture and agriculture — and climate change cause large and severe impacts on Europe's coastal and marine ecosystems. The EU objective of halting biodiversity loss by 2010 has not been met in either the coastal or the marine environment. Recognising the need for an integrated ecosystem-based approach to reduce pressures, the EU Integrated Maritime Policy allows for the development of sea-related activities in a sustainable manner. Its environmental pillar, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, aims to deliver 'good environmental status' of the marine environment by 2020, and the Common Fisheries Policy will be reformed in 2012 with the aim of achieving sustainable fisheries. Complementary policy efforts include the EU Water Framework Directive and other freshwater legislation, and the Habitats and Birds Directives. [Author vide copyright]

Societal and political backgroundTraditionally, the welfare of fish compared to welfare of other, land farmed animalshas not been an important topic to consumers, producers and legislators, an attitudewhich is reflected in past research projects and legislation directed towards welfare,which hardly ever took fish into consideration. So why was and is fish, compared toother animals, not a hot topic regarding welfare concerns? First, there is a lack oftradition in perceiving fish as sentient beings as fish do not evoke compassion andconcern in humans in the same way other, warm-blooded animals do; second, there isstill no consensus among scientists wether fish are able to perceive pain and to suffer;third, large scale, industrialised aquaculture is a relatively recent farming method.Nevertheless, an increased concern for the welfare of fish in general and especially inaquaculture can be noticed in recent year, stimulated by research results suggestingawareness of pain and suffering, and reports on farming conditions detrimental tohealth and welfare. [Tanja Wolffrom]

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
REPORT
1 Societal and political background
2 Welfare – general introduction
3 Pain and discomfort in fish
4 Welfare indicators
4.1 Physiological indicators
4.2 Behavioural indicators
4.3 Other indicators
5 Welfare issues
5.1 Fish densities in farming
5.2 Environmental parameters
5.3 Malnutrition
5.4 Food deprivation
5.5 Cataracts
5.6 Deformities
5.6.1 Skeletal deformities
5.6.2 Tissue deformities
5.7 Vaccination – side effects
5.8 Genetics
5.9 Transport
5.10 Pre-slaughter handling
5.11 Stunning /sedation
5.12 Organic production
6 Past and current EC research projects on welfare issues
7 Welfare – Economic value and product quality
8 Legislation
9 Acknowledgements
10 References